6.4. To have

1. Глагол to have с последующим инфинитивом означает долженствование, вызванное силой обстоятельств, необходимостью. На русский язык, как правило, переводится: пришлось, придется, приходится, предстоит

The negotiations might fail. In that event the Government would have to decide what to do. Переговоры могут окончиться и неудачей. В таком случае правительству пришлось бы решать, что делать (предпринять).

The Government has promised to abolish the death penalty, although it has yet to win ratification of this pledge from the Parliament. Правительство обещало отменить смертную казнь, хотя ему еще предстоит добиться ратификации этого обещания в Парламенте.

2. Глагол to have с последующим сложным дополнением (имя сущ./местоим. + неличная форма глагола или наречие) передает:

1) каузативность (побуждение или содействие осуществлению действия). На русский язык передается при помощи таких слов, как заставить, устроить, сделать так, чтобы, добиться того, чтобы, и другими лексическими средствами.

We had them beaten this time. На этот раз мы их одолели.

(содействовали их поражению /устроили так, чтобы они проиграли). (В зависимости от контекста)

I would have you to know. Я хотел бы поставить вас в известность.

They will have him back. Они заставят его вернуться

2) действие, совершенное по инициативе, побуждению лица, выраженного подлежащим.

The town council has had three houses built. Городской муниципалитет построил три дома.

3) действие, совершенное помимо (независимо от) воли или желания лица, выраженного подлежащим, и направленное на него.

We had a note handed to us. Нам вручили записку.

Перевод глагола to have представляет значительную трудность, так как в русском языке нет аналогичных грамматических средств для передачи этих значений. Кроме того, точное значение вытекает иногда из более широкого контекста. При переводе приходится пользоваться различными лексическими средствами, которые наиболее точно передают значение английского предложения.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. If budgetary reforms are ever to be achieved, the EU leaders will have to bind themselves to use qualified majority voting, not consensus, for such matters.

2. In the year ahead the Danish premier will have to tread a careful line, both in terms of domestic policy and in airing the campaign to join the euro.

3. The probability that many more innocent people would also be executed would have to be weighed against the benefits of deterrence.

4. Among his many roles, the Spanish politician has to play the American to Europeans, and the European to Americans.

5. The free trade purists contend that various industries have to sink or swim on their own and that providing relief through Japanese export restraints would provide an umbrella for higher American automobile prices, which would hurt consumers and harm the battle against inflation.

6. Motorists will have to prove they have scrapped their car in an environmentally friendly way to get an authorised Certificate of Destruction.

7. Most EU countries have yet to pass the domestic laws needed to implement the directive, so it is difficult to say how it will work in practice.

8. “We see NATO as a bicycle that has to keep moving or else the rider falls off, so there's a feeling that we need to be very forward-leaning,” an American official said.

9. Schooling (in Egypt) was never entirely free at the best of times: a parent had to pay a tiny entry fee, buy a school uniform, provide a bite of food. What is disastrous now is the need for private tutoring.

10. Unless the Bill passes through all its stages in the Commons and the Lords before the session ends it will have to be started all over again in the new session in November.

11. The Chancellor of the Exchequer told Labour MPs on Tuesday night that public spending will have to be cut to avoid a “tough Budget” next year.

12. Most of the imported mobile phone sets operate on a wave-band used by a number of authorized radio services in Britain and can cause serious interference. When they cause interference they have to be traced and their owners are prosecuted.

13. United Nations economists warn that something drastic has to be done, or developing countries will be forced to reduce their rate of social and economic expansion.

14. In larger communities – nations, states, provinces and cities – there has to be a division of labour. Some persons have to make the important political decisions for the whole society, and specially trained administrators and civil servants have to perform the tasks of management and administration for society as a whole.

15. Diplomats said Canada and other nations eager to have the dead lock broken had been outmanoeuvred by the United States.

16. The big problem is the difference between the fastest and slowest vehicles on a stretch of highway. The safest thing safety researchers suggest, is to have everyone driving at roughly the same speed.

17. The committee gave overwhelming approval to a separate resolution that would have the Assembly urge all states to take such separate and collective action as is open to them in conformity with the Charter.

18. Any other activities of the world organization will be financed by the whole membership only by their unanimous and active support. And even in those rare cases it will be by having the Secretary-General solicit voluntary contributions.

19. Using language heard frequently in the past from Iraq and Russia, the French proposal said that this commission would have “its independence ensured and its professionalism strengthened.”

20. If the speculative excesses of the last few years are finally wrung out of the market — and they always are, sooner or later — it will take time for investors to regain the kind of confidence that has everyone dreaming of instant riches.

21. Few things are likelier to give free trade a bad name than to have it associated with the foisting on consumers of potentially unsafe food.

22. In Piedmont, the regional government has been fighting an unsuccessful battle against the central government in Rome in an attempt to have the Piedmonese dialect taught in schools.

23. A university student who wrote his graduation paper in Sardinian had it turned down.

6.5. To do

Глагол to do представляет некоторую трудность при переводе, когда он выполняет следующие грамматические функции:

1) функцию эмоционально-усилительную: а) глагол to do подчеркивает факт совершения действия или усиливает значение действия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым в утвердительной форме Past или Present Indefinite. На русский язык передается словами действительно, все-таки, же, ведь и т. п.; б) подчеркивает побуждение к действию или просьбу (в повелительном наклоне-нии).

In fact his words did show that he was reluctant to get involved. Ha самом же деле его слова действительно показали, что он не хочет участвовать в этом (иметь с этим дело).

Примечание. В инвертированных предложениях (обычно после отрицательных наречий и союзов nowhere, not, no sooner, nor, not only ... but и др.) глагол to do не переводится. Эмфаза инвертированного предложения на русском языке передается лексическим способом.

2) функцию слова-заместителя, во избежание повторения ранее упомянутого глагола или целого предложения. В зависимости от сочетаемости слов в русском языке переводится соответству-ющим глаголом, предложением или не переводится вообще. В сочетании со словом so чаще всего переводится сделать это (так).

Did the Foreign Secretary know that such an arrangement existed? His replies in Parliament yesterday clearly implied that he did. Знал ли министр иностранных дел, что существует такая договоренность? Из его ответов в парламенте вчера можно было ясно понять, что он знал.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. President Roosevelt might not have done all the things he promised to do and all the things he did do might not be for the country's good in the long run — but what he did do seemed so much better than the deeds of any other single citizen in the land...

2. Those immigrants who do arrive are kept in detention centres, called “welcome centres” in official jargon.

3. The Turkish Constitution, written seven decades ago by the founder of the modern nation, Kemal Ataturk, does indeed decree that the country must be governed along strictly secular lines.

4. In the past Arkansas did endure a reputation for being backward, and its residents were the butt of jokes portraying them as dim-witted hillbillies.

5. The trip did demonstrate that the secretary of state, whatever his political standing in Washington, seems to be highly respected by foreign leaders.

6. These developments (parliamentary elections in Scotland and Wales) do not signal the rebirth of Scotland and Wales as independent countries. But they do signal a historic – and welcome – shift in the way Britain is governed.

7. What the report prepared by a body of the most conservative character does show is that newspaper economics, and particularly the enormous and growing reliance on advertising revenue, puts the whole industry into crisis.

8. The defenders of the present United Nations system point out that the agencies do in fact work together successfully on a number of projects.

9. What does represent a growing danger for the effectiveness of this organization is the reluctance of some of its members to render assistance in case of financial difficulties.

10. The Foreign Secretary did not show any willingness to discuss this question, but he did refer to the responsibility of both governments as co-chairmen of the 1954 Geneva conference.

11. What our politicians do not talk about — the abuses of the Federal Reserve Board, the practices of the lobbyists, the strange actions of many in the Executive Branch — frequently can be more significant to knowing persons than things the Representatives do say

12. Yet for large and small nations their record in the General Assembly does provide a yardstick with which to measure the application of their publicly announced foreign policy principles.

13. All the same the state of the economy and the general trend of national politics do have some influence on the voters.

14. Nowhere in America or Europe not even among the great liberated thinkers of the Enlightenment did democratic ideas appear respectable to the cultivated classes.

15. Both sides are already moving back toward common ground.. Not only did Beijing finally shut down the anti-American protests, but the Chinese President after an initial snub, finally talked by phone with the US President and discussed ways to rebuild their relationship.

16. Not only does shipping bring the Greek economy more than $1.5 billion in receipts each year but its growth over the last 15 years (with the fleet almost tripling in size) has been almost unparalleled.

17. The supply of fund managers keeps growing, but so does demand from investors.

12. Economies today depend less on oil than they did.

12. In real terms, oil now costs roughly what it did before 1973.

13. Non-Asian minorities tend to score lower on standardized tests used for college admissions than do Asian-Americans and whites.

14. Next year will be another depressing year on the farm. The federal government will try to help out with emergency aid and by opening trade barriers, as it did recently with a new export agreement with China.

15. Not until the 19th century did democratic government make its way in any considerable part of the world — in the great states of continental Europe, in South America, in Canada and Australia, in South Africa and Japan.