- •1. Concepts of symptoms and syndromes
- •2. Pulmonology
- •1. Syndrome of compaction of lung tissue (decrease in airiness)
- •2. Syndrome of increased airiness of lung tissue (emphysema)
- •3. Broncho obstructive syndrome
- •4. Lung cavity syndrome
- •5. The syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity
- •8. Syndrome of lung atelectasis
- •6. The syndrome of accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
- •7. Bronchiectasis Syndrome
- •9. Syndrome of dry pleurisy (pleuritis)
- •10. Respiratory failure syndrome
- •11. Pulmonary heart failure (pulmonary heart)
- •12. Adult respiratory distress syndrome
- •3. Cardiology
- •1. Syndromes of coronary insufficiency
- •2. Angina pectoris syndrome (stenocardia)
- •4. Myocardial damage syndrome
- •5. Resorption-necrotic syndrome
- •6. Post-infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome).
- •7. Аrterial hypertension Syndrome (ah)
- •8. Arterial hypotension syndrome
- •9. Heart failure syndrome
- •V.Kh. Vasilenko (1935).
- •10. Cardiomegaly syndrome
- •Syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pericardium (hydropericardium) The reasons for the accumulation of exudate:
- •12. Rhythm and conduction disturbances syndromes
- •I. Arrhythmias due to a violation of the automatism of the sinus node:
- •Atrial flutter (irregular and regular forms). Symptoms
- •Ventricular flutter and fibrillation. Symptoms
- •IV. Conductivity disorders - blockade:
- •13. Syndromes of valvular heart disease.
- •14. Mitral valve prolapse
- •15. Syndrome of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation
- •16. The syndrome of acute vascular insufficiency
- •4. Gastroenterology
- •4.1. Syndromes for diseases of the esophagus, stomach and gut
- •1. Dysphagia Syndrome
- •Gastroduodenal pain syndrome
- •3. Gastric hypersecretion syndrome
- •4. Gastric hyposecretion syndrome
- •5. Syndrome of gastric evacuation
- •6. Functional dyspepsia syndrome:
- •Bleeding syndrome from the lower gastrointestinal tract
- •9. The syndrome of "acute abdomen"
- •10. Dyspeptic syndrome (indigestion)
- •11. Irritable bowel syndrome:
- •2. Pain abdominal syndrome:
- •13. Asthenoneurotic syndrome:
- •4.2 Syndromes for diseases of the liver and bilitary ways
- •1. Biliary colic syndrome
- •2. Subhepatic jaundice (mechanical)
- •3. Hepatic jaundice (parenchymal)
- •4. Suprahepatic jaundice (hemolytic)
- •6. Cholestatic syndrome
- •8. Hypersplenism syndrome
- •9. Portal hypertension
- •10. Hepatic failure syndrome
- •12. Cytolysis syndrome (cytolytic syndrome)
- •13. Mesenchymal inflammatory syndrome
- •1. Pancreatic pain syndrome
- •1. The insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic function
- •Syndrome of pancreatic incretory function.
- •5. The syndrome of gastric pancreatic dyspepsia:
- •1. Renal colic syndrome
- •2. Urinary Syndrome
- •4. Nephrotic syndrome
- •5. Acute nephritic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis)
- •Chronic nephritic syndrome (chronic glomerulonephritis)
- •7. Edema syndrome (renal edema)
- •Hypertension Syndrome
- •9. Renal eclampsia syndrome
- •Acute renal failure (arf)
- •11. Chronic renal failure
- •6. Endocrinology
- •1. Syndrome of hypothyroidism:
- •Thyrotoxicosis syndrome (hyperthyroidism):
- •3. The syndrome of insulin deficiency:
- •1. Anemic syndrome
- •2. Sideropenic syndrome (iron deficiency)
- •Iron deficiency anemia
- •Hemolytic anemia
- •6. Hemorrhagic syndrome
- •7. Inflammatory syndrome
- •Neurological syndrome
- •10. Immunodeficiency syndrome
- •Leukemia syndrome (hemoblastosis) 11.1 Acute Leukemia Syndrome
- •11.2 Chronic myeloproliferative syndrome
- •11.3 Chronic lymphoproliferative syndrome
- •2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome
- •Urticaria syndrome
- •2. Quincke's angioedema
- •3. Anaphylactic shock
- •4. Joint syndrome
- •9. The meaning of eponymous terms and syndromes in clinical medicine
11. Irritable bowel syndrome:
Functional disorders of the intestine, not associated with organic diseases.
Causes:
Frequent stressful situations
Excessive bacterial growth
Poor nutrition
Alcohol abuse
Intestinal infections Clinical options.
Spastic-colitic option
With a predominance of diarrhea
With a predominance of constipation
The main clinical signs:
1 Abdominal pain - localized near the navel or lower abdomen. They have various intensities, from slightly aching to very pronounced intestinal colic. As a rule, pain decreases or disappears after defecation or exhaustion of gases. An important hallmark is the absence of pain and other symptoms at night.
2 Violation of the stool is expressed in the appearance of diarrhea or constipation. Diarrhea often occurs suddenly after eating, sometimes in the morning. Characteristic is the absence of polyfecalia (the amount of feces is less than 200 g per day, with constipation it resembles sheep). Feces often contain mucus. Many patients have a feeling of incomplete bowel movement after defecation.
Flatulence - one of the characteristic signs, usually intensifies in the evening. As a rule, bloating increases before defecation and decreases after it. Quite often, flatulence is local in nature.
Laboratory and instrumental studies:
- Coprogram: a large number of mucus or mucous membranes and tapes in which eosinophils are sometimes found under microscopy.
- Endoscopic - no changes are detected.
- An X-ray examination may reveal signs of dyskinesia asymmetric and uneven contractions of the colon, the alternation of spastically reduced and enlarged sections of the intestine.
2. Pain abdominal syndrome:
The following types of abdominal pain are distinguished:
spastic;
due to flatulence;
mesenteric;
due to ganglionitis;
rectal colic;
mixed character.
Intestinal colic - due to spasm or distension of the small or large intestine, are paroxysmal in nature, and localized over the site of spasm.
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Pain due to flatulence - usually of a constant nature, is associated with bloating of the intestine with gases, and decreases after exhaustion of gases and bowel movements.
Mesenteric pain is caused by the development of non-specific mesadenitis. These pains are permanent, not associated with food, do not stop with anticholinergics, antispasmodics, do not disappear after defecation and exhaustion of gases. The pains are located along the mesentery of the small intestine.
Pain due to ganglionitis. In chronic enteritis, the involvement of the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system in the pathological process is possible. In this case, the pains have a peculiar burning character, they are constant, do not decrease after defecation and gas discharge, as well as after the use of antispasmodics.
Rectal colic, or the so-called tenesmus - they are manifested by frequent and painful urges to defecate with a feeling of convulsive contraction of the intestine and sphincter. Defecation does not occur, sometimes lumps of mucus (rectal spitting) are secreted.
Mixed pains are caused by a combination of causes that cause abdominal pain. Most often, this is a combination of spastic pain and pain caused by flatulence.