- •1. Concepts of symptoms and syndromes
- •2. Pulmonology
- •1. Syndrome of compaction of lung tissue (decrease in airiness)
- •2. Syndrome of increased airiness of lung tissue (emphysema)
- •3. Broncho obstructive syndrome
- •4. Lung cavity syndrome
- •5. The syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity
- •8. Syndrome of lung atelectasis
- •6. The syndrome of accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
- •7. Bronchiectasis Syndrome
- •9. Syndrome of dry pleurisy (pleuritis)
- •10. Respiratory failure syndrome
- •11. Pulmonary heart failure (pulmonary heart)
- •12. Adult respiratory distress syndrome
- •3. Cardiology
- •1. Syndromes of coronary insufficiency
- •2. Angina pectoris syndrome (stenocardia)
- •4. Myocardial damage syndrome
- •5. Resorption-necrotic syndrome
- •6. Post-infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome).
- •7. Аrterial hypertension Syndrome (ah)
- •8. Arterial hypotension syndrome
- •9. Heart failure syndrome
- •V.Kh. Vasilenko (1935).
- •10. Cardiomegaly syndrome
- •Syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pericardium (hydropericardium) The reasons for the accumulation of exudate:
- •12. Rhythm and conduction disturbances syndromes
- •I. Arrhythmias due to a violation of the automatism of the sinus node:
- •Atrial flutter (irregular and regular forms). Symptoms
- •Ventricular flutter and fibrillation. Symptoms
- •IV. Conductivity disorders - blockade:
- •13. Syndromes of valvular heart disease.
- •14. Mitral valve prolapse
- •15. Syndrome of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation
- •16. The syndrome of acute vascular insufficiency
- •4. Gastroenterology
- •4.1. Syndromes for diseases of the esophagus, stomach and gut
- •1. Dysphagia Syndrome
- •Gastroduodenal pain syndrome
- •3. Gastric hypersecretion syndrome
- •4. Gastric hyposecretion syndrome
- •5. Syndrome of gastric evacuation
- •6. Functional dyspepsia syndrome:
- •Bleeding syndrome from the lower gastrointestinal tract
- •9. The syndrome of "acute abdomen"
- •10. Dyspeptic syndrome (indigestion)
- •11. Irritable bowel syndrome:
- •2. Pain abdominal syndrome:
- •13. Asthenoneurotic syndrome:
- •4.2 Syndromes for diseases of the liver and bilitary ways
- •1. Biliary colic syndrome
- •2. Subhepatic jaundice (mechanical)
- •3. Hepatic jaundice (parenchymal)
- •4. Suprahepatic jaundice (hemolytic)
- •6. Cholestatic syndrome
- •8. Hypersplenism syndrome
- •9. Portal hypertension
- •10. Hepatic failure syndrome
- •12. Cytolysis syndrome (cytolytic syndrome)
- •13. Mesenchymal inflammatory syndrome
- •1. Pancreatic pain syndrome
- •1. The insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic function
- •Syndrome of pancreatic incretory function.
- •5. The syndrome of gastric pancreatic dyspepsia:
- •1. Renal colic syndrome
- •2. Urinary Syndrome
- •4. Nephrotic syndrome
- •5. Acute nephritic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis)
- •Chronic nephritic syndrome (chronic glomerulonephritis)
- •7. Edema syndrome (renal edema)
- •Hypertension Syndrome
- •9. Renal eclampsia syndrome
- •Acute renal failure (arf)
- •11. Chronic renal failure
- •6. Endocrinology
- •1. Syndrome of hypothyroidism:
- •Thyrotoxicosis syndrome (hyperthyroidism):
- •3. The syndrome of insulin deficiency:
- •1. Anemic syndrome
- •2. Sideropenic syndrome (iron deficiency)
- •Iron deficiency anemia
- •Hemolytic anemia
- •6. Hemorrhagic syndrome
- •7. Inflammatory syndrome
- •Neurological syndrome
- •10. Immunodeficiency syndrome
- •Leukemia syndrome (hemoblastosis) 11.1 Acute Leukemia Syndrome
- •11.2 Chronic myeloproliferative syndrome
- •11.3 Chronic lymphoproliferative syndrome
- •2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome
- •Urticaria syndrome
- •2. Quincke's angioedema
- •3. Anaphylactic shock
- •4. Joint syndrome
- •9. The meaning of eponymous terms and syndromes in clinical medicine
9. Syndrome of dry pleurisy (pleuritis)
REASONS: more often a consequence of other diseases (pneumonia, tuberculosis, systemic
diseases of the connective tissue, uremia, etc.).
SYMPTOMS:
Pain in the chest, which intensifies with deep breathing and coughing;
Superficial breathing, limiting the mobility of one half of the chest. The patient lies on the affected side;
Percussion: limitation of the mobility of the lower border of the lung on the side of the lesion;
The noise of pleural friction during auscultation, sometimes confirmed by palpation;
With diaphragmatic pleurisy, pain radiates to the upper half of the abdomen or along the phrenic nerve to the neck. With apical pleurisy - pain during palpation of the trapezius muscles and pectoralis major muscles (Sternberg and Pottenger symptoms, respectively).
X-ray: on the side of the lesion, a high standing of the diaphragm, limitation of excursion of the lower edge with fluoroscopy, signs of a disease that caused pleurisy.
10. Respiratory failure syndrome
REASONS: is a complication of any severe pathological process or disease or a secondary lesion of the respiratory system.
Respiratory failure is a pathological condition of the body in which the normal gas composition of the blood is not maintained or is achieved due to the strain of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms leading to a decrease in the functional capabilities of the body. SYMPTOMS:
The most constant and leading sign of respiratory failure is shortness of breath. The severity of dyspnea reflects the degree of respiratory failure.
According to the classification of A.K. Dembo, proposed back in 1954 and currently used, 3 degrees of respiratory failure are distinguished:
degree. Latent (asymptomatic) RF (shortness of breath with moderate and significant physical exertion, the gas composition of the blood at rest is not changed).
degree. Compensated RF (shortness of breath with slight physical exertion, at rest - hypoxemia, no hypercapnia, compensatory mechanisms are already at rest).
degree. Decompensated RF (shortness of breath at rest, hypoxemia and hypercapnia).
In the diagnosis of respiratory failure, Stange tests are widely used - breath holding at the height of inspiration and Gencha - holding the breath at the height of exhalation. The lower limits of the norms of these samples are 40 and 20 s.
Another mandatory and universal sign of respiratory failure is diffuse cyanosis.
With severe respiratory failure are possible: forced body position (for example, the position of orthopnea in an attack of bronchial asthma), erythrocytosis, tachycardia, a change in the gas composition of the blood (pulse oximetry).
Change in spirometric indicators.
obstructive;
restrictive;
mixed.
Table 2.2 Classification of respiratory failure by the state of blood gases
-
degree
Р О2, мм рт.ст.
Sp02, %
Normal level
>80
>95
I
60-79
90-94
II
40-59
75-89
III
<40
<75