- •1. Concepts of symptoms and syndromes
- •2. Pulmonology
- •1. Syndrome of compaction of lung tissue (decrease in airiness)
- •2. Syndrome of increased airiness of lung tissue (emphysema)
- •3. Broncho obstructive syndrome
- •4. Lung cavity syndrome
- •5. The syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity
- •8. Syndrome of lung atelectasis
- •6. The syndrome of accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
- •7. Bronchiectasis Syndrome
- •9. Syndrome of dry pleurisy (pleuritis)
- •10. Respiratory failure syndrome
- •11. Pulmonary heart failure (pulmonary heart)
- •12. Adult respiratory distress syndrome
- •3. Cardiology
- •1. Syndromes of coronary insufficiency
- •2. Angina pectoris syndrome (stenocardia)
- •4. Myocardial damage syndrome
- •5. Resorption-necrotic syndrome
- •6. Post-infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome).
- •7. Аrterial hypertension Syndrome (ah)
- •8. Arterial hypotension syndrome
- •9. Heart failure syndrome
- •V.Kh. Vasilenko (1935).
- •10. Cardiomegaly syndrome
- •Syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pericardium (hydropericardium) The reasons for the accumulation of exudate:
- •12. Rhythm and conduction disturbances syndromes
- •I. Arrhythmias due to a violation of the automatism of the sinus node:
- •Atrial flutter (irregular and regular forms). Symptoms
- •Ventricular flutter and fibrillation. Symptoms
- •IV. Conductivity disorders - blockade:
- •13. Syndromes of valvular heart disease.
- •14. Mitral valve prolapse
- •15. Syndrome of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation
- •16. The syndrome of acute vascular insufficiency
- •4. Gastroenterology
- •4.1. Syndromes for diseases of the esophagus, stomach and gut
- •1. Dysphagia Syndrome
- •Gastroduodenal pain syndrome
- •3. Gastric hypersecretion syndrome
- •4. Gastric hyposecretion syndrome
- •5. Syndrome of gastric evacuation
- •6. Functional dyspepsia syndrome:
- •Bleeding syndrome from the lower gastrointestinal tract
- •9. The syndrome of "acute abdomen"
- •10. Dyspeptic syndrome (indigestion)
- •11. Irritable bowel syndrome:
- •2. Pain abdominal syndrome:
- •13. Asthenoneurotic syndrome:
- •4.2 Syndromes for diseases of the liver and bilitary ways
- •1. Biliary colic syndrome
- •2. Subhepatic jaundice (mechanical)
- •3. Hepatic jaundice (parenchymal)
- •4. Suprahepatic jaundice (hemolytic)
- •6. Cholestatic syndrome
- •8. Hypersplenism syndrome
- •9. Portal hypertension
- •10. Hepatic failure syndrome
- •12. Cytolysis syndrome (cytolytic syndrome)
- •13. Mesenchymal inflammatory syndrome
- •1. Pancreatic pain syndrome
- •1. The insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic function
- •Syndrome of pancreatic incretory function.
- •5. The syndrome of gastric pancreatic dyspepsia:
- •1. Renal colic syndrome
- •2. Urinary Syndrome
- •4. Nephrotic syndrome
- •5. Acute nephritic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis)
- •Chronic nephritic syndrome (chronic glomerulonephritis)
- •7. Edema syndrome (renal edema)
- •Hypertension Syndrome
- •9. Renal eclampsia syndrome
- •Acute renal failure (arf)
- •11. Chronic renal failure
- •6. Endocrinology
- •1. Syndrome of hypothyroidism:
- •Thyrotoxicosis syndrome (hyperthyroidism):
- •3. The syndrome of insulin deficiency:
- •1. Anemic syndrome
- •2. Sideropenic syndrome (iron deficiency)
- •Iron deficiency anemia
- •Hemolytic anemia
- •6. Hemorrhagic syndrome
- •7. Inflammatory syndrome
- •Neurological syndrome
- •10. Immunodeficiency syndrome
- •Leukemia syndrome (hemoblastosis) 11.1 Acute Leukemia Syndrome
- •11.2 Chronic myeloproliferative syndrome
- •11.3 Chronic lymphoproliferative syndrome
- •2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome
- •Urticaria syndrome
- •2. Quincke's angioedema
- •3. Anaphylactic shock
- •4. Joint syndrome
- •9. The meaning of eponymous terms and syndromes in clinical medicine
3. Hepatic jaundice (parenchymal)
REASONS: acute and chronic hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, drug and alcoholic liver lesions, cirrhosis, hepatocellular cancer.
SYMPTOMS:
Dull pain in the right hypochondrium, jaundice, unstable skin itching, general weakness. The skin is saffron yellow with a reddish tint, the liver is enlarged, tightened, often slightly painful, sometimes normal or reduced. Bradycardia
Blood - hyperbilirubinemia, often due to both direct and indirect fractions of bilirubin, a decrease in prothrombin, an increase in the activity of transaminases (ALT, AST).
Urine - dark, beer-colored, bilirubinuria, urobilinuria
Feces - not changed or moderately discolored, the release of stercobilin is reduced.
Instrumental techniques confirm liver damage.
4. Suprahepatic jaundice (hemolytic)
REASONS: congenital or acquired independent diseases (microspherocytic hereditary anemia, neonatal erythroblastosis, acute post-transfusion anemia), or a symptom of a number of diseases (croupous pneumonia, subacute septic endocarditis, Addison-Birmer disease, malaria, lung infarction, malignant tumors, some, or a consequence of toxic and drug damage (arsenic, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus, sulfonamides).
SYMPTOMS:
General weakness, decreased appetite.
Jaundice without itching with a lemon-yellow tint and pallor of the skin.
The liver is slightly enlarged, painless.
The spleen is enlarged.
In the blood, moderate hyperbilirubinemia, mainly due to free (indirect) bilirubin. Signs of hemolytic anemia. Coombs test is positive.
The indicators ALT, AST are not changed.
In the urine there is no bilirubin, but there is an increased amount of urobilin.
The feces are dark, the content of stercobilin is increased.
68
6. Cholestatic syndrome
stagnation and violation of the secretion of bile into the duodenum with the accumulation of its components in the liver and blood.
Allocate intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis. CAUSES of extrahepatic cholestasis:
1. Stones of the main extrahepatic and main intrahepatic ducts;
2. Damage to the head of the pancreas (tumor, pancreatitis, cyst, abscess);
3. Stenosis and tumor of the large duodenal papilla;
4. Inflammation, tumors and strictures of the extrahepatic bile ducts;
5. Parasitic infections (opisthorchiasis, fascioliasis, ascariasis, clonorchosis, echinococcosis);
6. Enlarged lymph nodes in the gates of the liver;
7. Tumor and duodenal diverticulum. REASONS for intrahepatic cholestasis:
1. acute and chronic hepatitis;
2. Cirrhosis of the liver (especially primary biliary cirrhosis);
Liver tumors, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, lymphogranulomatosis, cholangitis, pregnant cholestasis, drug cholestasis.
SYMPTOMS:
Itching, pigmentation and scratching of the skin;
Jaundice, enlarged liver;
Xanthomas, xanthelasms;
With prolonged cholestasis - there may be visual disturbances in the dark, bleeding, bone pain (due to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, E, D, K);
An increase in serum bilirubin (mainly associated), the activity of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamine transferase, leucine aminopeptidase, the level of bile acids, cholesterol and its fractions, copper;
A sharp decrease or disappearance of urobilin in the urine.
Hepatolienal syndrome
REASONS: acute and chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, acute and chronic leukemia, sepsis, collagenoses, pathology of the liver vessels, infectious diseases (malaria, leptospirosis). SYMPTOMS:
Clinical and instrumental signs of hepatosplenomegaly.
The detection of enlarged liver and spleen allows you to clinically differentiate the diseases associated with this syndrome. Often, it is accompanied by hypersplenism syndromes and liver damage.