4. Answer the following questions:

1. Who was James Prescott Joule?

2. What was Joule fascinated by in his young years?

3. What kind of heating effect did he show in 1843?

4. What were his further experiments and measurements?

5. How did he show the mechanical demonstration of the conversion of work into heat?

6. Was his paper accepted by the Royal Society?

7. Whom did he work with to develop the absolute scale of temperature?

8. What do his laboratory notebooks reveal?

5. Translate the following sentences:

1. If I hadn’t been so tired, I would have gone out with you.

2. I wish I hadn’t been so tired yesterday.

3. If you paid more attention to studying psychics, you would know more of psychical laws.

4. I wish you paid more attention to studying physics.

5. If you had reminded me about this meeting, I would have come there.

6. I wish you had reminded me about this meeting.

7. If he spoke more distinct, people would understand him.

8. I wish he spoke more distinct and clear to everybody.

9. If I had had your address, I would have sent you a birthday postcard.

10. I wish I had known your address to be able to send you’re a birthday postcard.

6. Change the sentences according to the model. Translate them

Model: If you saw that film, you would like it. – I wish you saw that film.

If you had told me before, I would have taken part in the scientific conference. – I wish I had taken part in the scientific conference.

1. If you conducted another experiment, the results would be better.

2. If you returned in time, you would inform us.

3. If she had come here yesterday, he would have spoken to her about his problem.

4. If I traveled to Great Britain, I would travel by air.

5. If the students had been more careful during the laboratory work, they wouldn’t have broken the instrument.

6. If we developed the industry of Donbas, our country would become a powerful state.

7. If the foreign delegation visited our lesson, we would demonstrate the new methods of work.

8. If we had had computer last time, it would have been easier to carry out this research.

7. Open the brackets, using the verbs in the proper Tense

1. I wish he (didn’t put, hadn’t put) you in such a difficult situation you got. 2. He (to read) now. He (to read) for half an hour without any rest. 3. If I (saw, would see) her, I (told, would tell) her this news. 4. What they (to do) now? – They (to work) in the reading-room. They (to work) there for already three hours. 5. Where he (to be) now? – If he (to be) in the garden, he (to play) volley-ball with his friends. They (to play) since breakfast. 6. I (to live) in Luhansk. I (to live) in Luhansk since 2001. 7. She already (to do) her homework for two hours; but she (not yet to do) half of it. 8. What you (to do) here since morning? 9. You (to find) your note-book? – No! I still (to look) for it. 10. You (to play) in the yard for already three hours. Go home and do your homework.11. Wake up! You (to sleep) for ten hours already. 12. Every day I (to wind) up my watch at 10 p.m. 13. The magnets (last, will last) longer if they are dropped, pounded and heated.

8. Speak about James Prescott Joule unit28 (revision). Mykola kybalchych

1. Translate the following text:

Mykola Ivanovych Kybalchych (1853-1881) was born in October 1853 in Chernihiv area. His father Ivan Yosypovych, a priest, bought a piece of land in Korop and built a house there. Little Mykola was the sixth child in the family. Soon his mother fell ill with pneumonia, so the boy of 6 had to live with his grandfather Maksym Ivanytskyi, a village teacher. People said he was a very strange man and called him a rebel.

Mykola was sent by his grandfather to study at gymnasia in Novhorod-Siverskyi and was one of the best pupils there. But at the age often he fought with a boy and was expelled from gymnasia. After that his father insisted on his entering Novhorod-Siverskyi clerical school. Having graduated from it he entered Chernihiv clerical seminary. He argued more and more with his father about the God and against his father's will began studying at the sixth form of Novhorod-Siverskyi gymnasia. There he distinguished himself in physics, mathematics, but especially in chemistry. Mykola graduated from gymnasia with the silver medal. This fact indicates that he was a many-sided and multi-faceted person. He entered Petersburg University and was one of the most talented students. But very soon he made up his mind to be a doctor and began studying at Medical-Surgical Academy. But he didn't become a doctor because at that time the national movement in Russia started and young Kybalchych joined it. He was arrested for keeping forbidden literature at home and spent almost 3 years in prisons of Petersburg and Kyiv. Kybalchych was a head of the organization "Narodna Volia", the aim of which was to kill the Tsar Oleksandr II as they saw him the main cause of people's suffering.

On Sunday night, 1 March 1881, his friends Rysakov, Hrynevytskyi and some others tried to use a bomb when the emperor was passing Yekaterynivskyi canal. But it wasn't successful. Kybalchych was arrested again and sent to Petropavlivska fortress.

His lawyer, Herard, was very surprised when he learned that Kybalchych didn't mind about his future at all. During their conversation Kybalchych spoke only about his design of an air flying apparatus. He drew it on me wall of his cell with the help of a broken button. It was a project of a future spaceship. And here in prison he made all the calculations. "I shall be a very happy man and I am ready to die hoping that my idea will serve for the mankind" - he said to his lawyer.

In April 1881, five courageous people: Mykola Kybalchych, Andriy Zheliabov, Timothy Mykhailov, Sofia Perovska and Mykola Rysakov were hanged. Mykola Kybalchych died when he was hardly over 27. For his dedicated work and talent Mykola Kybalchych should be remembered and honored in Ukraine today.