2. Answer the questions:

1. What is Mykola Kybalchych’s most important con­tribution to Ukrainian science?

2. What famous people of our land do you know?

3. Did they contribute a lot to the history of our coun­try?

4. What qualities should a person possess to be self-made?

5. Explain meanings of the following words and expressions: he distin­guished himself in physics, forbidden literature, a design, dedicated work.

Choose the right variant:

1. She told me she … to America.

a) never was b) had never been c) will never be

d) would never be

2. He said that he …to Oxford University in the 60s.

a) had been b) will be c) has been d) was gone

3. She said she … help me because she had too much to do.

a) can’t b) will be able c) is to d) couldn’t

4. They told me that she … there in half an hour.

a) was b) will c) would be d) had been

5. I thought that he… her that he intended to go to France.

a) tells b) was telling c) will tell d) would tell

6. If you had phoned earlier, I would …. able to help you.

a) have be b) have been  c) has been d) had been

7. ‘I’m sorry I…you’, he said.

8. a) interrupt b) interrupted c) had interrupted d) would interrupt

9. If you knew where I lived … visit me?

a) will you go b) would you go c) did you go d) do you go

10. If you were you I … be there

a) will b) was to c) would d) shall

10.If you … help you, you only have to ask me

a) want me to b) want I should c) want that d) are wanting to me

Content

UNIT1.THE INVENTOR OF THE RADIO 5

1. Memorize the following words: 5

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 5

3. Read and translate the text: 5

4. Answer the questions on the text: 6

5. Give synonyms for the following words 7

6. Form nouns from the following words and translate them 7

7. Form adjectives from the following words and translate them 7

8. Make up sentences, using the following word combinations 7

9. Arrange the words correctly to make up the sentence: 7

UNIT2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN SCIENCE 8

1. Memorize the following words: 8

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 9

3. Read and translate the following text: 9

4. Answer the following questions according to the text: 11

5. Find the derivations of these words 11

6. Give the plural form of the following nouns 11

7. Paraphrase the following words combinations and sentences, using a possessive case: 12

8. Translate, analyze the following words with different suffixes, and divide them into two groups: nouns and adjec­tives 12

9. Retell the text about the development of Ukrainian science 12

UNIT3. DISCOVERY OF THE GENERATION OF RADIO WAVES IN MOLECULAR BEAMS 12

1.Memorize the following words: 12

2. Read and translate the text: 13

3. Answer the questions on the text: 14

4. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 14

5. Make these sentences plural according to the model 15

6. Change the following sentences from the 1st person into the 3rd person and make them interrogative 15

7. Paraphrase according to the model 16

8. Speak about scientists Prokhorov and Basov, and their contribution to the generation of radio waves in molecular beams 16

UNIT4. KOSTYANTYN TSIOLKOVSKY 16

1.Memorize the following words: 16

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 17

3. Read and translate the text: 17

3. Answer the questions on the text: 18

4. Translate the following international words without a dictionary. Make up five sentences of your own using these words 18

5. Form nouns from the following verbs. Use a dictionary if necessary 18

6. Put the general or alternative questions to the sentences 19

7. Put the disjunctive questions to the sentences 19

8. Ask questions to which the words in bold type are the answers 20

9. Speak about the life of K. Tsiolkovsky and his contribution to the theory of rocket flight electric circuits 20

UNIT5. STATES OF MATTER 20

1. Memorize the following words: 20

2. Read and translate the text: 21

3. Answer the questions on the text: 22

4. Form the verbs from the following nouns and use them in sentences 22

5. Find the adjectives corresponding to the nouns given 22

6. Ask questions to which the words in bold type are the answers: 23

7. Fill in the proper prepositions 23

8. Fill in the proper words from the text 23

9. Speak about states of matter 24

UNIT6. THOMAS ALVA EDISON 24

1.Memorize the following words: 24

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 24

3. Read and translate the text: 25

4. Answer the questions on the text: 26

7. Replace the italicized nouns by the personal pronouns in the Nominative or Objective Case 27

8. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model 28

9. Speak about Thomas Alva Edison 28

UNIT7 (REVISION). MYKHAILO LOMONOSOV 28

1. Translate the following text: 28

Answer the questions on the text: 29

UNIT8. VOLODYMYR VERNADSKY 30

1. Memorize the following words: 30

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 31

3. Read and translate the following text: 31

4. Answer the following question according to the text: 33

5. Translate the following word- combinations, paying special attention to the translation of adjectives 33

6. Give the comparative and superlative degree of following adjectives 34

7. Translate the following sentences, analyzing adjectives 34

8. Make the choice: 34

9. Give the main facts about the life and work of Academician Vernadsky 35

UNIT9. SERGIY KOROLYOV – THE FOUNDER OF PRACTICAL COSMONAUTICS 35

1. Memorize the following words: 35

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 36

3. Read and translate the text: 36

4. Answer the questions on the text: 37

5. Find in the text synonyms for 37

6. Write all the words you know of the same root 38

8. Open the brackets with the adjectives and complete the sentences, using combinations as…as, not so…as or put the adjective into superlative degree 38

UNIT10. SCIENCE, SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGY 38

1.Memorize the following words: 38

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 39

3. Read and translate the text: 39

4. Answer the questions on the text: 41

5. Translate the following word combinations, paying atten­tion to the prepositions 41

6. Insert the proper preposition: 42

7. Use the following sentences to make questions. Begin your question with the words(s) in brackets 42

8. Speak about the role of science, scientists and technology in our life 43

UNIT11. ALBERT EINSTEIN. 43

1.Memorize the following words: 43

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 43

3. Read and translate the text: 44

4. Answer the questions on the text: 45

5. Put a special question to the each sentence 45

6. Put the verbs given in brackets in Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) 46

7. Say if this statements are true or false. Use the model: “I agree..”, “ I don’t agree..”, “To my mind..”, “According to the text..” 46

8. Speak about Albert Einstein’s biography 47

UNIT12. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 47

1.Memorize the following words: 47

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 47

3. Read and translate the text: 48

4. Answer the questions on the text: 49

5. Find in the text synonyms for 49

6. Make the sentences negative. Translate them 49

7. Make the sentences interrogative. Translate them 50

8. Say if this statements are true or false. Use the model: “I agree..”, “ I don’t agree..”, “To my mind..”, “According to the text..” 50

9. Speak about electric circuits 51

UNIT13. MYKOLA PYLCHYKOV 51

1. Memorize the following words: 51

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 51

3. Read and translate the text: 51

4.  Answer the questions: 52

5. Replace “can” or “could” in each of the following sentences by the correct form of “to be able to” 52

6. Replace “may” or “must” in each of the following sentences by the correct form of “to be allowed to”, “to be to” or “to have to” 53

7. Translate into Ukrainian: 54

9. Speak about life and scientific work of Mykola Pylchykov 54

UNIT14 (REVISION). MAGNETS AND INVENTIONS BASED ON MAGNETISM. 54

1. Read and translate the text: 54

2. Answer the following questions: 56

UNIT15. BLAISE PASCAL 57

1. Memorize the following words: 57

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 58

3. Read and translate the text: 58

4. Answer the following questions: 60

5. Change the sentences according to the model. Translate them: 61

6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the polysemantic word “one”: 61

7. Read and retell the following text 62

8.Speak about life and scientific work of Blaise Pascal 62

UNIT16. OHM’S LAW 62

1. Memorize the following words: 62

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 63

3. Read and translate the text: 63

4. Answer the questions on the text: 64

5. Put the verbs given in brackets in Continuous Active or Passive (Present, Past, Future) 65

6. Change the following into the Past Continuous and Future Continuous. Translate these sentences 65

7. Point out the verbs in Continuous Active and Passive in every line: 66

8. Divide the verbs into two groups: Active and Passive Voice. Translate them 66

9. Speak about Ohm’s law 67

UNIT17. SEMICONDUCTORS 67

1. Memorize the following words: 67

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 67

3. Read and translate the text: 67

4. Answer the questions on the text: 69

5. Pick up synonymic pairs out of the following list of words 69

6. Pick up antonymic pairs out of the following list of words 70

7. Change the sentences according to the model. Add the necessary adverbial modifier 70

8. Speak about semiconductors 71

UNIT18. YEVHEN PATON 71

1.Memorize the following words: 71

3. Read and translate the text: 71

4. Answer the questions on the text: 72

5. Ask questions to which the words in bold type are the answers: 72

6. Make the sentences interrogative and negative 73

7. Translate into your native language 73

8. Choose the proper tense form from the brackets 74

9. Speak about life and work of Yevhen Paton. 74

1.Memorize the following words: 74

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 75

3. Read and translate the text: 75

4. Answer the questions on the text: 76

5. Put the verbs given in brackets in Perfect Continuous (Present, Past, Future). 77

6. Change the following into the Past and Future Perfect Continuous. Translate these sentences 77

7. Point out the verbs in Perfect Continuous group in every line: 78

8. Speak about pioneers in Russian electrical engineering. 78

UNIT20. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 78

1. Memorize the following words: 78

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 79

3. Read and translate the text: 79

4. Answer the following questions: 81

5. Put the verbs given in brackets in the proper Indefinite Tense (Present, Past, Future) 81

6. Put the verbs given in brackets in the proper Continuous Tense (Present, Past, Future) 82

7. Put the verbs given in brackets in the proper Perfect Tense (Present, Past, Future) 82

8. Put the verbs given in brackets in Perfect Continuous Tense (Present, Past, Future) 83

9. Speak about life and scientific work of Benjamin Franklin 83

UNIT21 (REVISION). LIGHTING AND INVENTION OF ELECTRIC LAMP 83

1. Translate the following text: 83

UNIT22. THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WORK OF STUDENTS IN UKRAINE 86

1.Memorize the following words: 86

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 86

3. Read and translate the text: 86

4. Answer the questions on the text: 87

5. Point out the sentence which expresses the main idea of the text: 88

6. Point out the sentence in which the word 'graduates' and the word 'change' is a verb 88

7. Open the brackets using the verbs in Passive Voice according to the model. Change the Tense into Past or Future where necessary 89

8. Choose the correct form 90

9. Translate the following sentences 91

10. Speak about the scientific research work of students of your department 91

UNIT23. SOLAR POWER 91

1. Memorize the following words: 91

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 92

3. Read and translate the text: 92

4. Answer the questions on the text: 94

5. Translate the following sentences from English. Pay attention to the sequence of Tenses. 94

6. Change the following sentences paying attention to the sequence of Tenses. Translate these sentences 95

7. Use the verbs in brackets in a proper Tense form 96

8. Speak about solar power. 96

UNIT24. MICHAEL FARADAY 96

1. Memorize the following words: 96

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 97

3. Read and translate the text: 97

4. Answer the following questions: 101

5. Translate the following sentences: 101

6. Change from direct into indirect speech: 102

7. Speak about Michael Faraday 103

UNIT25. EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY 103

1. Memorize the following words: 103

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 103

3. Read and translate the text: 103

4. Answer the following questions: 105

5. Insert the proper preposition: 105

6. Translate into Ukrainian, and analyze the forms of the Subjunctive Mood 106

7. Complete the following questions and answer them: 107

8. Translate into your native language 107

9.Speak about Euclidean geometry 108

UNIT26. WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CURRENT? 108

1.Memorize the following words: 108

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 108

3. Read and translate the text: 109

4. Answer the questions on the text: 110

5. Translate the sentences using the phrases: 110

6. If or  when? Look at the difference and complete the sentences: 111

7. Look at the model and choose the right variant from the brackets 111

8. Divide the sentence into two groups: real and unreal. Define the Tense of each sentence 111

9. Define the type of conditional sentences. Translate them 112

9. Speak about electric current 113

UNIT27. JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE 113

1. Memorize the following words: 113

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary 114

3. Read and translate the text: 114

4. Answer the following questions: 115

5. Translate the following sentences: 116

6. Change the sentences according to the model. Translate them 116

7. Open the brackets, using the verbs in the proper Tense 117

8. Speak about James Prescott Joule 118

UNIT28 (REVISION). MYKOLA KYBALCHYCH 118

1. Translate the following text: 118

ADDITIONAL TEXTS 151

1. Galileo Galilei 151

Answer the questions: 152

2. Isaac Newton 152

Answer the questions: 155

3. Alessandro Volta 155

4. Igor Kurchatov 158

Answer the questions: 159

5. Ivan Puliy 160

Answer the questions: 161

6. Ahatanhel Krymsky 161

Answer the questions: 162

7. Edison and his phonograph 162

Answer the following questions: 164

8. Robert Goddard    - the father of space age 164

Answer the following questions: 165

9. The Nobel Prize winners 166

Answer the following questions: 167

10. William H. Gates 167

Answer the following questions: 169

11. Invention of radio. Part I. 169

Answer the following questions: 172

12. Invention of radio. Part II. 172

Answer the following questions: 174

13. André Marie Ampère 175

Answer the following questions: 176

14. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 176

Answer the following questions: 178

15. Ernest Rutherford 179

Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. He pioneered the orbital theory of the atom through his discovery of Rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. 179

Ernest Rutherford was the son of James Rutherford, who had emigrated from Perth, Scotland. Ernest was born at Spring Grove (now Brightwater), near Nelson, New Zealand. He studied at Havelock School and then Nelson College and won a scholarship to study at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand where he was president of the debating society, among other things. After gaining his BA, MA and BSc, and doing two years of research at the forefront of electrical technology, in 1895 Rutherford travelled to England for postgraduate study at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge (1895–1898), and he briefly held the world record for the distance over which electromagnetic waves could be detected. 179

During the investigation of radioactivity he coined the terms alpha and beta to describe the two distinct types of radiation emitted by thorium and uranium. In 1898 Rutherford was appointed to the chair of physics at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, where he did the work that gained him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. In 1900 he gained a DSc from the University of New Zealand, and from 1900 to 1903 he was joined at McGill by the young Frederick Soddy (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1921) and they collaborated on research into the transmutation of elements. Rutherford had demonstrated that radioactivity was the spontaneous disintegration of atoms. He noticed that a sample of radioactive material invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay – its "half-life" – and created a practical application using this constant rate of decay as a clock, which could then be used to help determine the age of the Earth, which turned out to be much older than most of the scientists at the time believed. 180

In 1907 Rutherford took the chair of physics at the University of Manchester, where he carried out the experiment, which demonstrated the nuclear nature of atoms. It was his interpretation of this experiment that led him to the Rutherford model of the atom, with a very small positively-charged nucleus orbited by electrons. In 1921, while working with Niels Bohr, Rutherford theorized about the existence of neutrons, which could somehow compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of protons by causing an attractive nuclear force and thus keeping the nuclei from breaking apart. Rutherford's theory of neutrons was proved in 1932. 180

He died in 1937 and is interred in Westminster Abbey, near Sir Isaac Newton. 180

Answer the following questions: 181

1.Who was Ernest Rutherford? 181

16. James Watt 182

James Watt was born in 1736 in Greenock, a seaport on the Firth of Clyde. His father was a ship owner and contractor, while his mother, came from a distinguished family and was well educated. Both werePresbyterians and strong Covenanters. Watt attended school irregularly but instead he was mostly schooled at home by his mother. He exhibited great aptitude for mathematics, although Latin and Greek left him cold, and he absorbed the legends and lore of the Scottish people. When he was 18, his mother died and his father's health had begun to fail. Watt travelled to London to study instrument-making for a year, then returned to Scotland – to Glasgow – intent on setting up his own instrument-making business. By this time, he had studied the cylinder, using low pressure steam acting upon the vacuum in the lower part of the cylinder, which made use of atmospheric pressure. The next step was the development of a reciprocating motion, in which this process was reversed to create two power strokes. In 1776, the first engines were installed and working in commercial enterprises. These first engines were used for pumps and produced only reciprocating motion to move the pump rods at the bottom of the shaft. Orders began to pour in and for the next five years Watt was very busy installing more engines, mostly in Cornwall for pumping water out of mines. Over the next six years, he made a number of other improvements and modifications to the steam engine. He described methods for working the steam expansively. A compound engine, which connected two or more engines were described. Two more patents were granted for these in 1781 and 1782. In 1794 the partners Boulton and Watt established manufacture steam engines, and this became a large enterprise. By 1824 it had produced 1164 steam engines having a total nominal horsepower of about 26,000. Watt was an enthusiastic inventor, he continued to invent other things before and during his semi-retirement. He invented a new method of measuring distances by telescope, a device for copying letters, improvements in the oil lamp, a steam mangle and a machine for copying sculptures. He died on 25 August 1819 at his home in Handsworth, Birmingham, England at the age of 83. 183

The importance of the Watt's invention can hardly be overstated in the modern world. A key feature of it was that it brought the engine out of the remote coal fields into factories where many mechanics, engineers were exposed to its virtues and limitations. It was a platform for generations of inventors to improve. It was clear to many that higher pressures produced in improved boilers would produce engines having even higher efficiency, and would lead to the revolution in transportation that was soon embodied in the locomotive and steamboat. It made possible the construction of new factories that, since they were not dependent on water power, could work the year round, and could be placed almost anywhere. It made possible the cascade of new sorts of machine tools that could be used to produce better machines, including that most remarkable of all of them, the Watt steam engine. The unit of power incorporated in the International System of Units is named after James Watt. 184

Answer the following questions: 184

1.Who was James Watt? 184

17. Heinrich Hertz 186

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was a German physicist who clarified and expanded the electromagnetic theory of light that had been put forth by Maxwell. He was the first to satisfactorily demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic waves by building an apparatus to produce and detect radio waves. 186

Hertz was born in Hamburg, Germany. While studying at the gymnasium of Hamburg, he showed an aptitude for sciences as well as languages, learning Arabic and Sanskrit. He studied sciences and engineering in the German cities of Dresden, Munich and Berlin. In 1880, Hertz obtained his PhD from the University of Berlin. In 1883, Hertz took a post as a lecturer in theoretical physics at the University of Kiel. In 1885, Hertz became a full professor at the University of Karlsruhe where he discovered electromagnetic waves. 186

Hertz always had a deep interest in meteorology, however, did not contribute much to the field himself except some early articles, including research on the evaporation of liquids, a new kind of hygrometer, and a graphical means of determining the properties of moist air when subjected to adiabatic changes. In 1881–1882, Hertz published two articles on what was to become known as the field of contact mechanics. Hertz is well known for his contributions to the field of electrodynamics however most papers that look into the fundamental nature of contact cite his two papers as a source for some important ideas. To develop his theory Hertz used his observation of elliptical Newton's rings formed upon placing a glass sphere. Hertz helped establish the photoelectric effect (which was later explained by Albert Einstein) when he noticed that a charged object loses its charge more readily when illuminated by ultraviolet light. In 1887, he made observations of the photoelectric effect and of the production and reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves, published in the journal Annalen der Physik. Earlier in 1886, Hertz developed the Hertz antenna receiver. This is a set of terminals that is not electrically grounded for its operation. He also developed a transmitting type of dipole antenna, which was a centre-fed driven element for transmission UHF radio waves. These antennas are the simplest practical antennas from a theoretical point of view. In 1887, Hertz experimented with radio waves in his laboratory. His experiments expanded the field of electromagnetic transmission and his apparatus was developed further by others in the history of radio. Hertz also found that radio waves could be transmitted through different types of materials, and were reflected by others, leading in the distant future to radar. He died at the age of 36 in Bonn, Germany in 1894, and was buried in Ohlsdorf, Hamburg at the Jewish cemetery. The unit hertz (Hz) was established in his honor by the IEC in 1930 for frequency, a measurement of the number of times that a repeated event occurs per unit of time. 187

Answer the following questions: 188

1.Who was Heinrich Rudolf Hertz? 188

18. Niels Bohr 188

Answer the following questions: 189

1.Who was Niels Bohr? 189

19. Sikorsky Aircraft 190

Answer the following questions: 191

1.Who was Igor Sikorsky? 191