- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •В качестве учебного пособия
- •Введение
- •Chapter VII crimes and torts Unit 21 Crimes
- •Text a What is Crime?
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b What Type of Conduct Amounts to a Crime
- •Vocabulary
- •Thug Behind Bars
- •Martine Moon Murdered
- •Tears and Anger as Groom Disappears
- •Text c Kinds of Cases
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text d Classification of Crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •What’s your Verdict?
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Law Breakers
- •Text e Crime in Modern Society
- •Vocabulary
- •The Knightsbridge Safe Deposit Robbery
- •Unit 22 The Globalization of Deceit
- •Counterfeiting
- •Imitating Property is Theft
- •Counterfeiting is on the Increase. Companies Ignore it at their Peril
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 23 Torts
- •Text a Classification of Torts
- •Text b Comparison of Crimes and Torts
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 24 Punishment
- •Vocabulary
- •Some stupid thieves
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •1) Связанный с применением наказания
- •2) Карательный, штрафной
- •Assault
- •Shop-lifting
- •In the courtroom
- •Crime & punishment
- •Text b Legal Anecdotes
- •Unit 25 Capital Punishment
- •Text a History of Capital Punishment
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Capital Punishment: For and Against
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Financial Costs
- •Inevitability of Error
- •Barbarity
- •Futility
- •Chapter VIII legal profession Unit 26
- •Professional Titles
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 27 People in Law Cases in Great Britain
- •Text a Legal Profession in England and Wales
- •Vocabulary
- •Solicitor or barrister?
- •Text b Judges in Great Britain
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 28 Lawyers in the usa
- •Text a The Job of the Lawyers
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b What Lawyers Do
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •The American Legal Profession
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Judges and Justices
- •Unit 29 Lawyers in Russia
- •Text a Legal Professionals
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Judges in the Russian Federation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter IX legal education Unit 30 Legal Education in the uk
- •Text a Studying Law at Cambridge University (England)
- •The Law Course at Cambridge
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Text b Legal Latin
- •Legal Latin Vocabulary
- •Text c a Call to the Bar
- •Studying law in the uk
- •Studying law in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Text a Lawyer’s Training.
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 31 Legal Education in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b How to Achieve the Dream of Becoming a Lawyer
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Interview with an American Attorney.
- •Unit 32 Career in the Law Text a
- •A lawyer’s curriculum vitae
- •Text b Main Stages of a Solicitor’s and Barrister’s Career
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Text c Career Opportunities
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter X the law in practice Unit 33 Law Firms
- •Part 1 : Text a Running a Business
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b The Cost of Legal Services.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Legal Aid and Advice
- •Discussion and Creative Writing
- •Part 2: Text a Law Firms
- •Text b Law Firm in Practice
- •Vocabulary
- •Text c Law Firm Structure
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks Describing a law firm
- •Practice areas
- •Text d Law Firm Kravitz &Bane
- •Partnership: Can it survive in today’s mega-firms?
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •The Prudent Course Ethical and Practical Considerations in Client Selection
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Part 6 : Legal Environment of Business
- •Bays law firm about our law firm
- •Our goal
- •European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- •Counsel Banking Operations
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 34 Company Formation and Management
- •Introduction to Company Law
- •Business Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Company Formation
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 35 Business Organizations in the uk
- •Company Types in the uk
- •3 Limited liability company – llc.
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •I Company Law
- •Types of Companies: 1
- •Types of Companies: 2
- •Useful vocabulary for Exercises
- •Unit 36 Types of Business Organizations in the usa
- •To understand the difference and similarity of businesses study the Table carefully. Major Business Forms Compared
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Sole proprietorship
- •Unit 37 Types of Business Organizations in Russia
- •Text a Creation of a Legal Entity
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Commercial and Non- Commercial Legal Entities
- •Commercial Legal Entities
- •The Commercial Partnership
- •The Company Limited by Shares (The Joint- Stock Company)
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Литература
- •Contents
- •Legal English-2
Useful vocabulary for Exercises
acquisition n поглощение (компании)
amalgamate v объединять(ся), сливать(ся) (напр. о компаниях)
annual general n ежегодное общее собрание акционеров
articles of association n 1 устав юридического лица; 2 устав акционерного общества/компании
borrow v брать взаймы, занимать деньги
break up n прекращение совместной деятельности компаний, разделение
cartel n картель: Объединение независимых компаний, созданное с целью регулирования цен условий сбыта товаров или услуг. Картель может быть национальным или международным, хотя в некоторых странах, включая Великобританию и США, существует законодательство, запрещающее образование картелей на том основании, что они являются монополиями и действуют в ущерб общественным интересам.
company law n право, регулирующее действия акционерных компаний
Competitive tendering n конкурентные предложения
consortium n консорциум (временное объединение крупных компаний для совместного осуществления крупного проекта)
cooperative n кооператив
designate v обозначать
divestitute v отказываться (от владения); отделять, отторгать (напр. ранее присоединенную компанию)
empower v уполномочивать, наделять
expand v расширять
group n объединение компаний; синдикат; группа
hire v нанимать
joint bids n предложения о совместном участии
joint-venture agreement n соглашение о временной совместной деятельности компаний
legislation n законодательство; законодательный акт; закон
loan v давать взаймы; ссужать
memorandum of association n англ. заявка на регистрацию акционерного общества
merger n слияние (компаний); de-merger n разделение слившихся ранее компаний
non-profit-making n бесприбыльное производство/организация
obtain v получать
property n собственность
pursue v осуществлять, добиваться, преследовать (цели); pursuing set objectives n осуществление поставленных целей
quoted on stock exchange допущенный к котировке на фондовой бирже
reduce v уменьшать, сокращать
reminder n уведомление
responsibility n ответственность
the right to sue and be sued право подавать в суд и быть судимым
to run a business вести дело
set out v излагать; приводить; утверждать
staff n штат, личный состав
statement of legal compliance заявление о соответствии правовым нормам
sub-contractor n субподрядчик
supplier n поставщик
take-over n присоединение, взятие под свой контроль и управление
tender n 1 предложение (письменное), заявка; 2 торги, аукцион
tortuous adj деликтный; неправомерный
undischarged adj не восстановленный в правах (о банкроте)
voting shares n голосующие акции: Акции компании, которые дают своим владельцам право голосовать на общих ежегодных собраниях акционеров и на всех чрезвычайных собраниях членов компании.
Unit 36 Types of Business Organizations in the usa
There are three basic types of business organizations:
1 The sole proprietorship. This is the simplest form of business. The owner has unlimited liability for debts of the business.
2 The partnership. Two or more individuals are the owners who have agreed to establish and run a business for profit. There are two types of partnership:
general partnership – a partnership in which there are no limited partners, and each partner has managerial power and unlimited liability for partnership debts.
limited partnership – a partnership that must conform to state statutory requirements and have one or more general partners and one or more limited partners.
3 The corporation. A distinct legal entity that exists separately from its shareholders and is created under state law. Four traits of the corporation are: limited liability, centralized management, continuity of life and free transferability of interests.
There are many subtypes: close corporations, professional corporations, nonprofit corporations etc. Besides such organizations as syndicates, trusts, associations, joint ventures and cooperatives rely on partnership and corporate law for most of their governing principles.
There are the following types of corporations:
A public corporation formed to meet a governmental or public purpose;
A private corporation created for private purposes,
Federal or state corporations - system of national banks, federal savings and loan institutions.
Corporations may be profit (most) and non-profit - charitable.
A corporation is said to be domestic in the state of its incorporation. In respect to other states it is a foreign corporation. Corporations formed in other countries are called alien corporations. Limited liabilities company is a kind of a partnership - corporation hybrid. Professional corporations are created by lawyers, doctors, accountants, architects, and other professionals in order to gain corporate tax advantages.
You should remember that:
1 For most legal purposes a corporation is a person.
2 A corporation is created by statutes and is granted a charter, usually by the
state. 3 A corporation is liable for its debts.
4 A corporation is usually granted perpetual existence.
