§ 12. Detaching Pronouns

Indicate the detachment of some object from other objects of the same class. There are only two pronouns of this subclass - other, another. They are used both as noun-pronouns and as adjective-pronouns.

(E.g. One of the girls was pretty, while the other was terribly plain. He gulped one cup, then another. I live on the other side).

Both other and another have the category of case (other – other’s, another – another’s), but only other has the category of number (other -others).

The pronoun other has dual reference, personal and non-personal, and correlates with all subclasses of nouns in the singular and in the plural:

Other times have come, other people are of importance.

Unlike the majority of pronouns, other (both as a noun-pronoun and as an adjective-pronoun) can be preceded by the definite article and other determiners. (E.g. The other tree was half-withered. Then he gave me his other hand. That other question quite upset me. Show me some other pictures. His sister’s other child was only five then).

In these sentences other is used as an attribute. The attributive func­tion can also be performed by the noun-pronoun other in the genitive case, as in: The other’s mouth twitched where other's stands for some noun from the previous context.

The pronoun another also has a dual reference, but it correlates only with count nouns in the singular.

(E.g. Will you have another cup?

Then another runner came into view.)

Another has two meanings:

1) A different one -

(E.g. I don’t very much like this dress, will you show me another).

2) One more, one in addition to the one or ones mentioned before.

(E.g. She asked me a question, then another).

Detaching pronouns can be used as subject, object, adverbial modifier and attribute.

§ 13. Universal Pronouns

Indicate all objects (persons and non-persons) as one whole or any representative of the group separately. They are: all, both, each, every, everything, everybody, everyone, either.

Of these only everybody and everyone have the category of case (every­body - everybody's, everyone – everyone’s), others have no grammatical categories.

These pronouns, as can be seen from the definition, differ in their reference.

Some universal pronouns (all, everybody) have always collective or all-embracing reference. They correspond to the Russian все, весь, целый, всё as in: (E.g. All were present. Все присутствовали. All night long she sat by the window. Всю ночь напролет она просидела у окна. I haven’t read all the book. Я не прочел всей книги. Everything looks so beautiful in spring. Все так красиво весной. She is everything to me. Она для меня всё).

Two pronouns (both, either) indicate a group comprising two persons or non-persons treated either as a whole (both) or as consisting of individual objects in a group of two (either - каждый из двух). In accordance with their reference both takes a predicate-verb in the plural and either - in the singular. The article is usually placed after both.

Both have come in time. Both the windows were shut. Either of these will do.

- Оба пришли вовремя. - Оба окна были закрыты. - Любой из них подойдет.

Some pronouns (every, each, either) always have individual reference (каждый, другой), therefore they agree with the predicate-verb in the singular.

(E.g.She searched every corner, but found nothing. Each of them keeps silent).

Two pronouns (everybody, everyone) may have both collective and individual reference. In the first case it corresponds to the Russian все, in the second case to the Russian каждый. This or that reference is generally marked not so much by the predicate-verb, as by correlation with personal or possessive pronouns.

(E.g. Everybody did as he thought best. Everybody was eager to give his evidence. Tell everybody that they are to wait a bit.

Everybody lowered their eyes. The women stood by the gates and everyone told her own story).