- •Introductory Grammar Course. Morphology. (Part I)
- •Introduction
- •Preface The Grammatical Structure of the English Language
- •Morphology. General Classification of the Parts of Speech
- •Chapter I. The Noun
- •§ 1. Definition
- •§ 2. Formation of Nouns Noun-forming suffixes
- •§ 3. Morphological composition of Nouns
- •§ 4. Classification of Nouns
- •§ 5. The Category of Number
- •§ 6. The Category of Case
- •The absolute genitive (or omission of the noun after ’s).
- •Chapter II. The Article
- •§ 1. General Notions
- •§ 2. The Article and The Pronoun
- •§ 3. The use of the Indefinite Article
- •The Indefinite article before common concrete nouns
- •The Indefinite article before common abstract nouns
- •The Indefinite article before proper concrete nouns
- •The Indefinite article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 4. The use of the Definite Article
- •The Definite article before common nouns
- •The Definite article before proper nouns
- •The Definite article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 5. The use of the Zero Article
- •The Zero Article before Proper Nouns
- •The Zero Article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 6. Article determination of certain noun groups
- •Chapter III. The Adjective
- •§ 1. Semantic characteristics
- •§ 2. Morphological composition
- •§ 3. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 4. Adjectives of participial origin
- •§ 5. Adjectives and Adverbs
- •§ 6. Syntactic functions
- •§ 7. Substantivized Adjectives
- •Chapter IV. The Pronoun
- •§ 1. Definition
- •§ 2. Morphological composition and categorical characteristics
- •§ 3. Subclasses of Pronouns and their functions
- •§ 4. The Personal Pronoun It
- •§ 5. The Demonstrative Pronoun It
- •§ 6. The Impersonal Pronoun It
- •§ 7. Possessive Pronouns
- •§ 8. Reflexive Pronouns
- •§ 9. Reciprocal Pronouns
- •§ 10. Demonstrative Pronouns
- •§ 11. Indefinite and Negative Pronouns
- •§ 12. Detaching Pronouns
- •1) A different one -
- •2) One more, one in addition to the one or ones mentioned before.
- •§ 13. Universal Pronouns
- •§ 14. Interrogative Pronouns
- •§ 15. Conjunctive Pronouns
- •§ 16. Relative Pronouns
- •Chapter V. The Numeral
- •§ 1. The Definition
- •§ 2. The Cardinals
- •§ 3. The ordinals
- •§ 4. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 5. Patterns of combinability
- •§ 6. Syntactic function
- •§ 7. Substantivized numerals
- •Chapter VI.. The Adverb
- •§1. General Notion
- •§ 2. Morphological composition
- •§ 3. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 4. Semantic characteristics
- •§ 5. Syntactic functions and patterns of combinability
- •§ 6. Positional characteristics
- •Chapter VII. (Some Notional Parts of Speech)
- •§ 1. The Words of the Category of State
- •§ 2. The Modal Words
- •§ 3. The interjection
- •Chapter VIII. Some Structural Parts of Speech
- •§ 1. The Preposition
- •§ 2. Prepositions of place
- •§ 3. Prepositions of place At, In, On
- •§ 4. Prepositions of directions
- •Into, out of, towards, from, off (e.G. The knife fell off the table. Cut a bit off the rope, it’s too long).
- •§ 5. Some Prepositions confused
- •§ 6. Prepositions with the forms of transport
- •§ 7. Prepositions of time
- •§ 8. Prepositions since, from, in time/on time
- •§ 9. Prepositions expressing abstract relations
- •§ 10. Composite Prepositions
- •§ 11. Use of prepositions in set expressions
- •§ 12. The Conjunction
- •§ 13. The Particle
- •Literature
§ 12. The Conjunction
It is a functional word indicating the connection between two notional words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Morphological composition.
According to their morphological structure conjunctions fall into the following types:
-simple conjunctions (and, or, but, till, after, that, so, where, when);
-derived conjunctions (until, unless, seeing, supposing, provided);
-compound conjunctions (whereas, wherever);
-composite conjunctions (as well as, in case, for fear, on condition that, on the ground that);
Several conjunctions form correlative pairs, though strictly speaking the first element is not a conjunction (both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also).
§ 13. The Particle
It is a part of speech, the meaning of which is difficult to define. It either emphasizes or limits the meaning of another word, phrase and clause. Particles are invariable and have no syntactical function in the sentence. Particles may combine with any part of speech (E.g. Don’t worry-there is just Aunt Fanny. I should just think so). Particles generally stand before the word they refer to, but they may also follow it (E.g. This book is for advanced students only.). According to their meaning particles fall into six groups:
-intensifying particles: just, even, yet, still, all, simply (E.g. They even offered him to take it);
-limiting particles: only, merely, solely, but, alone (E.g. I only wanted to ask you the time);
-specifying particles: right, exactly, precisely, just (E.g. What exactly do you mean?);
-the additive particle else, it combines only with indefinite, interrogative and negative pronouns and adverbs (E.g. something else? Nobody else?)
-negative particle not (E.g. Not a word was said about it)
-connecting particles also and too (E.g. Were you at the film? I was also there).
Literature
Alexander L.G. Longman English Grammar Practice.-Longman, 1995.
Drozdova T.U. English Grammar Reference and Practice. St. Petersburg.: Anthology Publishers, 2007.
Krylova I.P. An English Grammar Practice Book.-M.: Higher School Publishing House, 1978.
Kaushanskaya V.L. A Grammar of the English Language.-M.: Publishing House, 2000.
Romanova L.R. English Grammar in Practice.-M.: Iris Press Publishing House, 2006.
Volkova E.I. English Article in Communication.-M.: Publishing House, 1974.
Yastrebova M.I. English grammar.-M.: East-West Publishing House, 2005.
Grammar of Modern English
(Part I)
(For the first-year students of the Foreign Languages Department)
Educational supply
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