- •Introductory Grammar Course. Morphology. (Part I)
- •Introduction
- •Preface The Grammatical Structure of the English Language
- •Morphology. General Classification of the Parts of Speech
- •Chapter I. The Noun
- •§ 1. Definition
- •§ 2. Formation of Nouns Noun-forming suffixes
- •§ 3. Morphological composition of Nouns
- •§ 4. Classification of Nouns
- •§ 5. The Category of Number
- •§ 6. The Category of Case
- •The absolute genitive (or omission of the noun after ’s).
- •Chapter II. The Article
- •§ 1. General Notions
- •§ 2. The Article and The Pronoun
- •§ 3. The use of the Indefinite Article
- •The Indefinite article before common concrete nouns
- •The Indefinite article before common abstract nouns
- •The Indefinite article before proper concrete nouns
- •The Indefinite article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 4. The use of the Definite Article
- •The Definite article before common nouns
- •The Definite article before proper nouns
- •The Definite article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 5. The use of the Zero Article
- •The Zero Article before Proper Nouns
- •The Zero Article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 6. Article determination of certain noun groups
- •Chapter III. The Adjective
- •§ 1. Semantic characteristics
- •§ 2. Morphological composition
- •§ 3. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 4. Adjectives of participial origin
- •§ 5. Adjectives and Adverbs
- •§ 6. Syntactic functions
- •§ 7. Substantivized Adjectives
- •Chapter IV. The Pronoun
- •§ 1. Definition
- •§ 2. Morphological composition and categorical characteristics
- •§ 3. Subclasses of Pronouns and their functions
- •§ 4. The Personal Pronoun It
- •§ 5. The Demonstrative Pronoun It
- •§ 6. The Impersonal Pronoun It
- •§ 7. Possessive Pronouns
- •§ 8. Reflexive Pronouns
- •§ 9. Reciprocal Pronouns
- •§ 10. Demonstrative Pronouns
- •§ 11. Indefinite and Negative Pronouns
- •§ 12. Detaching Pronouns
- •1) A different one -
- •2) One more, one in addition to the one or ones mentioned before.
- •§ 13. Universal Pronouns
- •§ 14. Interrogative Pronouns
- •§ 15. Conjunctive Pronouns
- •§ 16. Relative Pronouns
- •Chapter V. The Numeral
- •§ 1. The Definition
- •§ 2. The Cardinals
- •§ 3. The ordinals
- •§ 4. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 5. Patterns of combinability
- •§ 6. Syntactic function
- •§ 7. Substantivized numerals
- •Chapter VI.. The Adverb
- •§1. General Notion
- •§ 2. Morphological composition
- •§ 3. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 4. Semantic characteristics
- •§ 5. Syntactic functions and patterns of combinability
- •§ 6. Positional characteristics
- •Chapter VII. (Some Notional Parts of Speech)
- •§ 1. The Words of the Category of State
- •§ 2. The Modal Words
- •§ 3. The interjection
- •Chapter VIII. Some Structural Parts of Speech
- •§ 1. The Preposition
- •§ 2. Prepositions of place
- •§ 3. Prepositions of place At, In, On
- •§ 4. Prepositions of directions
- •Into, out of, towards, from, off (e.G. The knife fell off the table. Cut a bit off the rope, it’s too long).
- •§ 5. Some Prepositions confused
- •§ 6. Prepositions with the forms of transport
- •§ 7. Prepositions of time
- •§ 8. Prepositions since, from, in time/on time
- •§ 9. Prepositions expressing abstract relations
- •§ 10. Composite Prepositions
- •§ 11. Use of prepositions in set expressions
- •§ 12. The Conjunction
- •§ 13. The Particle
- •Literature
§ 4. Prepositions of directions
To
Go to America, fly to Moscow, go to the bank, be sent to prison, come to England, walk to work, go to a party, be taken to hospital, return to Italy, drive to the station, go to the theatre, go to bed.
Into, out of, towards, from, off (e.G. The knife fell off the table. Cut a bit off the rope, it’s too long).
Onto/on to, past. (E.g. We were driving past the church)
Moving in space
Across, over, through, along, up/down, (a) round, about. (E.g. He could not swim across the river).
§ 5. Some Prepositions confused
Between and among
Between is used for two people or things, among- for more than two. Between is also used when the speaker sees the surrounding objects separately, there are not many of them, and each one is clearly distinct from the other.
Words like divide and share are followed by between when we use several singular nouns.
§ 6. Prepositions with the forms of transport
Types of vehicles or transport we use to travel |
Physical position of the person (what transport he is in/on) |
By car/by bus/by bicycle-by road By boat/by ship/by sea By train-by rail By plane-by air |
In the car/in a van/in a taxi/in a lorry On the bus/on my bicycle/ on a big ship/on a liner/ on a ferry/on the train/on the 6.45train/on the plane/on a jet |
NB! On foot |
In for cars and taxis |
On for bicycles and public transport |
Get in(to)/out of a car/taxi, get on/off a bicycle/bus/train/plane.
§ 7. Prepositions of time
At |
On |
In |
exact time at ten o’clock meal times at lunch points of time at night festivals at Christmas (but! On Christmas day) age at the age of… moment/time at present beginning/end at the end of… |
days of the week on Monday parts of the day on Monday morning dates on July 1st anniversaries on your birthday festivals on New Year’s Day particular occasions on that day |
parts of the day in the evening(but! On Monday morning) months in May years in 2050 seasons in (the) spring centuries in the 20th century periods in a few minutes
|
NB! We do not use at/on/in before:
-this
-last
-next
-every
Prepositions for, during, while.
For+period of time
For six days
During+noun
During the war
While+subject+predicate
While he was eating
Prepositions before, till/until, by
Before- ранее, чем, перед. (E.g. Think twice before doing something).
Till/until – пока, до, до того времени, когда, до тех пор, как, пока. (E.g. Don’t do it until he comes)
Till now- до сих пор. (E.g. I cannot understand it till now)
Under- о возрасте.
E.g. My sister is under sixteen).
By- к определенному моменту.
By the time-к тому времени, как. (E.g. By the time you come I will have finished it).