- •Introductory Grammar Course. Morphology. (Part I)
- •Introduction
- •Preface The Grammatical Structure of the English Language
- •Morphology. General Classification of the Parts of Speech
- •Chapter I. The Noun
- •§ 1. Definition
- •§ 2. Formation of Nouns Noun-forming suffixes
- •§ 3. Morphological composition of Nouns
- •§ 4. Classification of Nouns
- •§ 5. The Category of Number
- •§ 6. The Category of Case
- •The absolute genitive (or omission of the noun after ’s).
- •Chapter II. The Article
- •§ 1. General Notions
- •§ 2. The Article and The Pronoun
- •§ 3. The use of the Indefinite Article
- •The Indefinite article before common concrete nouns
- •The Indefinite article before common abstract nouns
- •The Indefinite article before proper concrete nouns
- •The Indefinite article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 4. The use of the Definite Article
- •The Definite article before common nouns
- •The Definite article before proper nouns
- •The Definite article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 5. The use of the Zero Article
- •The Zero Article before Proper Nouns
- •The Zero Article in collocations and set expressions
- •§ 6. Article determination of certain noun groups
- •Chapter III. The Adjective
- •§ 1. Semantic characteristics
- •§ 2. Morphological composition
- •§ 3. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 4. Adjectives of participial origin
- •§ 5. Adjectives and Adverbs
- •§ 6. Syntactic functions
- •§ 7. Substantivized Adjectives
- •Chapter IV. The Pronoun
- •§ 1. Definition
- •§ 2. Morphological composition and categorical characteristics
- •§ 3. Subclasses of Pronouns and their functions
- •§ 4. The Personal Pronoun It
- •§ 5. The Demonstrative Pronoun It
- •§ 6. The Impersonal Pronoun It
- •§ 7. Possessive Pronouns
- •§ 8. Reflexive Pronouns
- •§ 9. Reciprocal Pronouns
- •§ 10. Demonstrative Pronouns
- •§ 11. Indefinite and Negative Pronouns
- •§ 12. Detaching Pronouns
- •1) A different one -
- •2) One more, one in addition to the one or ones mentioned before.
- •§ 13. Universal Pronouns
- •§ 14. Interrogative Pronouns
- •§ 15. Conjunctive Pronouns
- •§ 16. Relative Pronouns
- •Chapter V. The Numeral
- •§ 1. The Definition
- •§ 2. The Cardinals
- •§ 3. The ordinals
- •§ 4. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 5. Patterns of combinability
- •§ 6. Syntactic function
- •§ 7. Substantivized numerals
- •Chapter VI.. The Adverb
- •§1. General Notion
- •§ 2. Morphological composition
- •§ 3. Morphological characteristics
- •§ 4. Semantic characteristics
- •§ 5. Syntactic functions and patterns of combinability
- •§ 6. Positional characteristics
- •Chapter VII. (Some Notional Parts of Speech)
- •§ 1. The Words of the Category of State
- •§ 2. The Modal Words
- •§ 3. The interjection
- •Chapter VIII. Some Structural Parts of Speech
- •§ 1. The Preposition
- •§ 2. Prepositions of place
- •§ 3. Prepositions of place At, In, On
- •§ 4. Prepositions of directions
- •Into, out of, towards, from, off (e.G. The knife fell off the table. Cut a bit off the rope, it’s too long).
- •§ 5. Some Prepositions confused
- •§ 6. Prepositions with the forms of transport
- •§ 7. Prepositions of time
- •§ 8. Prepositions since, from, in time/on time
- •§ 9. Prepositions expressing abstract relations
- •§ 10. Composite Prepositions
- •§ 11. Use of prepositions in set expressions
- •§ 12. The Conjunction
- •§ 13. The Particle
- •Literature
§ 8. Prepositions since, from, in time/on time
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С, от |
Since |
Действие началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего момента. Употребляется с Perfect Tenses. I’ve been working since 12 o’clock.
|
From |
Указывает на начальный момент действия, уже не совершающегося в настоящий момент. He works from eight till four. |
From употребляется с наречиями места и времени.
From there - оттуда
From here - отсюда
From nowhere - ниоткуда
From then – с тех пор
From now – с этих пор, отныне.
Сочетания с from:
From (the) beginning to (the) end
From day to day – со дня на день
From morning till night – с утра до ночи
From time to time – время от времени
Since является также союзом со значением с тех пор как, так как/поскольку.
I haven’t seen him since he returned from Kiev.
On time |
In time |
The train left on time. (According to the schedule). I’ll meet you at 7.30. Please, be there on time. |
Will you be home in time for dinner? I want to get home in time to see the football match. |
§ 9. Prepositions expressing abstract relations
Prepositions by, with.
By refers to method, means or agent. (E.g. It was done by him).
With indicates tools or instruments. (E.g. I cut the bread with a knife).
As and like
Like is used to compare things. It can also mean “such as” or “similar to” (E.g. He is like his father).
As means in the role of, in the capacity of. (E.g. Last Summer I worked as a waiter).
About, on
We can use about and on to mean “concerning”.
On in a formal way, for example to describe a textbook.
(E.g. A textbook on physic)s.
About is informal.
(E.g. A book about animals).
§ 10. Composite Prepositions
According to In accordance with As compared with As far as As to/as for Because of By means of Due to; owing to Thanks to Except for In spite of Instead of Irrespective of |
Согласно (чему-либо) В соответствии с По сравнению с До (о расстоянии) Что касается Из-за Посредством Из-за/ благодаря благодаря За исключением Несмотря на Вместо Независимо от |
§ 11. Use of prepositions in set expressions
About
Above
After
Along
At
Before
Behind
By
Down
For
In
On
Out of
To
Under
Up
Within
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To be about
To bring about Above all Above measure Above suspicion After all The day after tomorrow Long/soon after Name after smb
Come along Get along All along At the age of Not at all At all costs At dinner/lunch/tea
At the expense of At the end At first At once At any rate At a time At a speed of At this/that/the same time
At somebody’s disposal
At home The day before Long before Be behind time Behind one’s back Be behind smb By accident/chance By heart By land/sea/air
By means of By no means By the way Step by step By retail Six by eight meters By six meters Up and down Down to Upside down For ever/good For example/instance For ages For the time being
To go for a walk In any case In conclusion In the direction of In exchange In fact
In general In the meantime In part In ink/pencil In Russian/English In sight In stock In return On the average On business On board On condition that On the contrary On demand On the one/other hand
On the part of On purpose On sale On the whole And so on Later on Be on Out of date Out of doors Out of necessity
Out of pity Out of order Out of use
To my disappointment/sorrow/ joy
To the end To the right/left To and fro To the North/South Be under construction/repair Under the circumstances Under the agreement/contract
Up to Up-to-date Be up The time is up What’s up? Within reach/sight/hearing
Within three miles of |
Собираться сделать ч-л Приводить к ч-л Главным образом Свыше меры Вне подозрений В конце концов Послезавтра Вскоре Назвать в честь к-л Идем-те Ладить С самого начала В возрасте Не совсем Любой ценой За обедом/ланчем... За счет к-л В конце Сначала Сразу же Во всяком случае За один раз Со скоростью В это/то/то же самое время В распоряжении к-л Дома Накануне Задолго до Опаздывать За спиной к-л Отставать от к-л Случайно Наизусть Сухопутным путем Посредством Ни в коем случае Между прочим Шаг за шагом В розницу 6 на 8 метров На 6 метров Взад и вперед Вплоть до Вверх дном Навсегда Например Целую вечность В настоящее время Идти на прогулку Во всяком случае В заключение В направлении В обмен В действительности Вообще Тем временем Частично Чернилами На русском языке В поле зрения На складе Взамен В среднем По делу На борту При условии, что Наоборот По требованию С одной/другой стороны Со стороны к-л Специально В продаже В общем И так далее Позже Идти (о фильме) Устарелый На улице По необходимости Из жалости В неисправности Вышедший из употребления
К моему разочарованию/горю/радости
До конца Направо/налево Взад-вперед На север/юг Строиться/ремонтироваться При этих обстоятельствах По соглашению/контракту Вплоть до Современный Проснуться Время истекло Что случилось, В пределах достижимости/ видимости/слышимости В трех милях от |