Warming up: Explain this proverb and give examples “ Every country has its customs” Grammar: must, have to, should (obligation)

Obligation/necessity: have to/must (+infinitive)

Must –is more common for specific or personal obligations.

Have to- is more common for general, external obligations, for example rules and laws.

Compare: I must buy a new shirt- this one is too old now.(It’s my own decision)

I have to wear shirt and tie at work (It’s the rule at this company).

Have to is a normal verb and it exists in all tenses. Must is a Modal verb.

No obligation/necessity: don’t have to.

You don’t have to pay for the tickets. They are free.

Prohibition: mustn’t (+infinitive). You mustn’t eat that cake-it’s for birthday.

Should is not so strong as must and have to. We use it to say if we think something is the right or wrong thing to do: You should take warm clothes. It might be cold at night there.

Consolidation of grammar. Circle the correct form.

1. You mustn’t / don’t have hurry. We have plenty of time.

2. You must / should remember to write the report. The boss will be furious if you forget.

3. The exhibition was free so I hadn’t to / didn’t have to pay.

4. Do you have to / Should you wear a uniform at your school?

5. We must / had to wait two hours at security and nearly missed our flight.

6. Had you to /Did you have to a lot of home work when you were at school?

7. I think people who live in flats mustn’t / shouldn’t have dogs.

8. She’s allergic for dairy products so she mustn’t / doesn’t have to eat anything made from milk.

Listening [1.2 pp36]. Match a line in A with a line in B. Notice the stress. Listen and check.

A	B
The Italians The Chinese The British The Canadians The French The Japanese The Scots	cook lots of noodles and rice. wear kilts on special occasions. produce champagne. eat raw fish. invented football. eat a lot of pasta. often watch ice hockey on TV

Remember:

1. All nationality words have capital letters in English The French the Italian the British 2. If the adjective ends in /s/, /z/, / ∫ / or /t∫/ there is no –s at the end of the word for the people. Japanese the Japanese Spanish the Spanish 3. Sometimes the word for the people is different from the adjective. Scottish the Scots Finnish the Finns

Reading

Read the text and put as many questions as you can.

We have already mentioned that the Kazakh nation reveres the ancestral customs and traditions. For objectivity's sake, we must say that during the years of existence the Kazakh nation accumulated so voluminous luggage that it is almost impossible to tell about all the traditions and customs inherent in the descendants of the sultans Zhanibek and Kerey (founders of the Kazakh Khanate – author’s annotation) in one article.

The main tradition of the Kazakhs, which eventually transformed into a feature of national character, is hospitality. In the Kazakh society, there is an unofficial law voiced in ancient times. It says “Meet a guest as a God's messenger”.

Hospitality is considered a sacred duty in the Kazakh society. At all times, the steppe inhabitants did their best to please the guest. Therefore, each traveler going on the road, knew that he would be welcomed anywhere in the Kazakh land. First of guest of Kazakh family regaled with kumiss (the drink based on mare milk), shubat or airan, next meal wasbaursak, irimshik, kurt and white tea. Then the guest was tasting horse-flesh or mutton snaks-

kazy,shuzhuk, zhal, sur-et, karta and etc. Respect for the elderly is another positive feature of the Kazakh people. Traditionally, a child from early childhood is taught moderation and honesty when dealing with older, wiser and life experienced people.

However, the above mentioned national identities that served as a basis for the occurrence of generalized rules and principles of public relations (tradition), fortunately, are confined not only to representatives of the Kazakh people. Therefore, we offer to your attention a list of basic customs, which became widespread in the Kazakh society.