56. 2.Translate the first two paragraphs of the text without dictionary

57. 3. Guess the meaning of highlighted words or phrases, explain them.

27. Reading the text and retelling it.

WHO invented the first computer? And when? The answer will surprise you: it was Charles Babbage, in the year 1832. Babbage, who was born in London in 1791, was a great mathematical genius. He was a natural inventor, and invented all sorts of new products.     When he finished school, he went to study mathematics at Cambridge University. There, while Professor of Mathematics in this illustrious university, he designed his "first difference engine". This was, basically, a hand-operated mechanical calculator.

    He took nine years to build a part of the machine. This machine, which is in the London Science Museum, can make complex mathematical calculations.

It is a basic mechanical computer.     Babbage dreamed however of more complicated machines. In fact, he did not only dream; he began to design them. The result was a series of "analytical engines" which were in fact powerful computers!     His designs contained processors (he called them "mills"), control units, a memory (he called it a store), and an input/output system. These are the four essential parts of a modern mathematical computer!     Alas, Babbage was born 100 years too soon! His "second difference engine" could not use electricity, since this had not yet become a usable source of power; so Babbage had to make do with mechanical systems. For this reason, the machine was big and very complicated, and very expensive. Though Babbage produced complete plans for the machine, he could not build it. It was too sophisticated for its age!    It was not until almost 160 years later that Babbage's "second difference engine" was finally manufactured. The first working version of this machine was built by the Science Museum in London, for the Babbage bicentenary in 1991. It can now be seen at the  Museum; a second machine was then built for an American high-tech millionnaire, who put it in the Computer History Museum, in Mountain View,California.     Babbage's analytical engines could have used "programmes" like those used in the textile industry to make complicated patterns; but they were never built. This brilliant mathematician really was too far ahead of his time!

58. 2.Translate the first two paragraphs of the text without dictionary

59. 3. Guess the meaning of highlighted words or phrases, explain them.

28. Reading the text and retelling it.

I confess I am obsessed with the future – and I am not the only one. Over the centuries, people have used the stars, cards, crystal balls and even tea-levels to look into the future. I still read my horoscope every day: ‘When you get home on Friday, you will have a pleasant surprise.’ I never do have a pleasant surprise in the supermarket car park, but who knows? One day I might!

This weekend, however, we will get a surprise because hundred of futurologists are meeting at Newcastle University. The conference starts on Thursday and the experts will be discussed the impact of technology on the future. The future is now big business. I logged on to the websites of some professional futurologists and found these predictions:

The technology already exists, so very soon all of us are going use our voices to give instructions to computers.

In the next few years, we will be communicating with our friends around the world using life-sizes video images on large screens in our living rooms.

By the year 2020, computers will already have became more efficient and powerful than the human brain, both in terms of intelligence and amount the information they can store.

By the year 2030, genetic engineering nanotechnology will enable us to live for at least 150 years. Using nanotechnology, tiny, insect-like robots may be send around our bodies to carry out repairs and keep us healthy.

By the middle of the century, computers, millions of times smarter than us will have been developed. By this time we will be linking our brains with ‘ultra smart’ computers. A new specie might have developed - ‘Homo Cyberneticus’.

By the end of the century, we will have colonized our solar system and will be looking for ways to colonise deep space.

Much more interesting than horoscopes, I am sure you will age. I’ve decided I’m going to give up astrology and take up futurology – I’ll be there in Newcastle this weekend. At nine o’clock on Saturday morning, I’ll be sitting in the front row and listening the great Duke Willard talking about the future of my brain. If you can’t beat the future, join it!