- •The category of mood
- •1. The Indicative Mood.
- •2. The Imperative Mood.
- •3. The Subjunctive Mood
- •The subjunctive mood
- •The Present Subjunctive
- •The use of the subjunctive mood simple sentences
- •1. The subjunctive mood in conditional sentences
- •4. In some set expressions:
- •Complex sentences
- •If I can; If I have time; If you like; If you want (to).
- •In Second and Third Conditional Sentences the modal verbs could and might can be used.
- •Conditional Sentences:
- •Mixed types of sentences of unreal condition
- •Sentences with implied condition
- •Sentences of problematic condition
- •Inversion omission of "if"
- •Conditional sentences (conjunctions)
- •If, unless, in case/just in case, provided (that), providing (that), suppose (that), supposing (that), on condition (that), as long as/so long as, even if, only if, what if.
- •2. The subjunctive mood in object clauses
- •1. Expressing preferences with ‘would rather’ and ‘would sooner’
- •In negative responses, we can omit the infinitive:
- •I would prefer someone to do something.
- •1. Such sentences have a similar meaning to Second Conditional Sentences:
- •2. Such sentences have a similar meaning to Third Conditional Sentences:
- •I'd rather ski than skate.
- •2. Expressing preferences with ‘I prefer’ and ‘I would prefer’
- •4. Would like/would love/would hate. (We use these verbs to make specific offers, requests etc.)
- •5) Compare:
- •3. The subjunctive mood in attributive clauses after the Principal Clause : It is time, It is high time
- •4. The subjunctive mood in adverbial clauses of comparison (or manner)
- •5. The subjunctive mood in predicative clauses
- •6. The subjunctive mood in subject clauses.
- •7. The subjunctive mood in attributive appositive clauses
- •8. The subjunctive mood in adverbial clauses of purpose
- •9. The subjunctive mood in adverbial clauses of concession/concessive clauses.
- •10. The subjunctive mood in adverbial clauses of time and place.
- •11. ‘Emotional should’
- •I. ‘emotional should’ subject clauses.
- •II. ‘emotional should’ object clauses.
- •III. The subjunctive mood with the ‘emotional should’ may also occur in such sentences:
- •5. Note that in sentences of this kind the Indicatives Mood can also be used.
- •12. Indirect speech
- •The use of the subjunctive mood
- •1. Conditional sentences.
- •I wish ...; I wished ...; He wishes ...; They wished ...; You will wish ... .
- •It’s time / It’s high time
- •She were enjoying it she had hurt her leg she didn’t want to come he hadn’t eaten for a week he meant what he was saying
- •Nothing like a good story
- •It’s time / it’s high time
- •Сослагательное наклонение
- •634041, Томск, ул. Герцена, 49. Тел.(3822) 52-12-93.
The Present Subjunctive
to be |
to have, to know, to speak, etc. |
I be He, she, it be We be You be They be |
I have, know, speak He, she, it have, know, speak We have, know, speak You have, know, speak They have, know, speak |
The Past Subjunctive
to be |
to have, to know, to speak, etc. |
I were He, she, it were We were You were They were |
________ |
The Present Subjunctive denotes an action referring to the present or future. It may be found in poetry and in elevated prose, where these forms are archaisms used with a certain stylistic aim. It is also used in scientific language and in the language of official documents.
Be he generous, wise or brave …- Будь он великодушен, умен и храбр….
Though all the world be false, still I will be true. – Даже если весь мир будет лживым, все же я буду правдив.
I suggested that she give up driving.
The Past Subjunctive of the verb ‘to be’ has the form ‘were’ for all the persons singular and plural. (Occasionally the form ‘was’ can be found in the singular). It is widely used in Modern English. The term ‘Past Subjunctive’ is merely traditional as it does not necessarily express a past action; the action may refer to the present, past and future.
I wish I were taller. If only it were true!
The analytical forms consist of the mood auxiliaries should, would, may (might) and the infinitive of the notional verb.
I fear lest he should escape. He would help you if he had time.
The use of the subjunctive mood simple sentences
In simple sentences the synthetic forms of the subjunctive mood are more frequent than the analytical forms. The subjunctive mood is used:
1. to express wish (пожелание) (forms used in slogans):
Long live Russia! – Да здравствует Россия! Long live the Army! Long live patriotism!
Long live the fighters for peace! Long live the heroes! Long live peace!
Success attend you! - Да сопутствует вам успех!
To express wish the analytical form with ‘may’ is also used:
May success attend you! - Да сопутствует вам успех!
May you be happy! May he win!
May you live long and die happy! - Желаю вам долго жить и быть счастливым до конца своих дней.
May God be with you! May you live to be a hundred!
May God bless you with a long life! - Да дарует тебе Господь долгую жизнь!
We hope very much that may there never be a nuclear war!
2. to express an unreal wish in exclamatory sentences beginning with ‘if only’:
If only he were free! - Если бы только он был свободен! Were he only free!
If only he had warned me! Had he only warned me!
If only it would stop raining!
3. in oaths and imprecations (в клятвах и проклятиях):
Manners be hanged! – К черту всякие церемонии! Ideas be hanged!
Confound these flies! Будь они прокляты, эти мухи! Confound it! - К черту! Будь оно проклято!
Confound your ideas! Confound the politics! (to confound - проклинать, смущать, приводить в замешательство, ставить в тупик, запутывать)