5. Note that in sentences of this kind the Indicatives Mood can also be used.

• To think that I have been so blind!

• Why don’t we take a taxi?

• 12. Indirect speech

When sentences containing the Subjunctive Mood are converted into Indirect Speech, the form of the verb usually remains unchanged, i.e. the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed.

• He said, “If I had time, I would go on a short holiday.”  He said that if he had time, he would go on a short holiday.

• He said, “It is true, I drink, but I wouldn’t have taken to it if things had gone differently.”  He admitted that he drank, but said he would not have taken to it if things had gone differently.”

• She said, “I think cheerfulness is a fortune in itself. I wish I had it.”  She said she thought cheerfulness was a fortune in itself. She wished she had it.

• She said, “Oh, how I wish I had never seen him!”  She said that she wished she had never seen him.

However, the rules of the sequence of tenses are observed with the forms ‘can/may + infinitive’ if the predicate of the principal clause stands in a past tense (can/may  could/might).

• He said, “On Sundays we always go out so that the children can/may spend the day in the open air.”  He said that on Sundays they always went out so that the children could/might spend the day in the open air (An adverbial clause of purpose).

• He said, “I’m afraid that she may get angry with me.”  He said that he was afraid that she might get angry with him (An object clause).

• He said, “The boys will think none the worse of her whatever she may have said.”  He said that the boys would think none the worse of her whatever she might have said (An adverbial clause of concession).

PART II EXERCISES

The use of the subjunctive mood

• 1. Conditional sentences.

Exercise 1a Read these sentences. Second conditional sentences. (Type 2)

1. I have no car, so I don’t go to the office by car.	If I had a car, I would go to the office by car.
2. He doesn’t live near the University, so it takes him long to get there.	If he lived near the University, it wouldn’t take him long to get there.
3. Mary doesn’t like football, so she doesn’t go to football matches.	If Mary liked football, she would go to football matches.
4. It is raining, so we won’t go to the country.	If it were not raining, we would go to the country.
5. Mr. Walter doesn’t like to travel by air, so he won’t go there by plane.	If Mr. Walter liked to travel by air, he would go there by plane.
6. Mary cannot do this work herself, so she will ask you to do it.	If Mary could do this work herself, so she wouldn’t ask you to do it.
7. It is not winter, so I can’t go skiing.	If it were winter, I could go skiing.
8. It is not Sunday today, so we can’t play tennis.	If it were Sunday today, so we could play tennis.
9. He is very busy now, so he can’t help you.	If he were not very busy now, he could help you.
10. I don’t know his address, so I can’t send him a letter.	If I knew his address, I could send him a letter.
11. Nora is afraid of electricity, so she can’t repair the electric iron herself.	If Nora were not afraid of electricity, she could repair the electric iron herself.
12. Robert is not interested in ships, so he will not become a shipbuilding engineer.	If Robert were interested in ships, he would become a shipbuilding engineer.

Exercise 1b Read these sentences. Third conditional sentences. (Type 3)

1. We took a taxi, so we managed to get there in time.	If we hadn’t taken a taxi, we wouldn’t have managed to get there in time.
2. The book wasn’t interesting, so I didn’t read it to the end.	If the book had been interesting, I would have read it to the end.
3. John drove the car very fast, so he had a bad accident.	If John hadn’t driven the car very fast, he wouldn’t have had a bad accident.
4. They couldn’t see you yesterday, so they didn’t tell you about their plans.	If they had seen you yesterday, they could have told you about their plans.
5. I went there by air, so I wasn’t late for the conference.	If I hadn’t gone there by air, I would have been late for the conference.
6. I didn’t know that the film was so bad and I went to the cinema.	If I had known that the film was so bad, I wouldn’t have gone to the cinema.
7. She didn’t work hard, so she couldn’t win the scholarship.	If she had worked hard, she could have won the scholarship.
8. You didn’t ring me up, so I worried.	If you had rung me up, I wouldn’t have worried.
9. He didn’t know you would need the dictionary, so he took it.	If he had known you would need the dictionary, he wouldn’t have taken it.
10. I didn’t know you were free in the evening, so I didn’t buy tickets for you.	If I had known you were free in the evening, I would have bought tickets for you.
11. I didn’t know you wouldn’t be present at the party, so went there.	If I had known you wouldn’t be present at the party, I wouldn’t have gone there.
12. I was very hungry, so I went to that restaurant.	If I hadn’t been very hungry, I wouldn’t have gone to that restaurant.
13. There was a local football match that day, so Harry didn’t go to the library.	If there hadn’t been a local football match that day, Harry would have gone to the library.
14. He went out without a coat yesterday, so he caught a cold.	If he hadn’t gone out without a coat yesterday, he wouldn’t have caught a cold.

Exercise 2 Change the sentences as in the example:

Example:

If you invite me, I will come. If you invited me, I would come tomorrow. If you had invited me, I would have come yesterday.

1. If it rains, we won’t have the picnic.

2. You will see the Eiffel Tower if you go to Paris.

3. If the manager is in, the secretary will tell you.

4. If the blouse matches this skirt, I will buy it.

5. If you don’t wear a coat, you will be very cold.

6. I will answer the question if I am sure of the answer.

7. If you pay me properly, I will work well.

8. If these stamps are genuine (подлинный), they will be worth a lot of money.

Exercise 3 Rewrite these sentences as second conditional sentences. (Type 2)

1. His French is good, so he reads French books in the original.

... If his French weren’t good, he wouldn’t read French books in the original. ...

2. I can’t write to her because I don’t have her address.

... I could write to her if I had her address. ...

3. The central heating isn’t working, so we can’t turn it on.

.....................................................................................................................................

4. She won’t come to the party because she’s away on holiday.

....................................................................................................................................

5. We can’t go out because it’s raining.

.....................................................................................................................................

6. I’m not going to buy that car because it’s so expensive.

.....................................................................................................................................

7. I’d like to go abroad but I can’t afford it.

.....................................................................................................................................

8. I’m ill, so I can’t play basketball.

.....................................................................................................................................

9. He doesn’t work hard, so they don’t promote him.

.....................................................................................................................................

10. They haven’t got a map, so they can’t find the way.

.....................................................................................................................................

11. They have a balcony, so they grow flowers in pots.

.....................................................................................................................................

12. He understands electricity, so he does his own repairs.

.....................................................................................................................................

13. You don’t have your car serviced regularly, so you have much trouble with it.

.....................................................................................................................................

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences as third conditional sentences. (Type 3)

1. Unfortunately I didn’t see him, so I couldn’t give him your message.

... If I had seen him, I could have given him your message. …

2. They got in because you didn’t lock the door properly.

....................................................................................................................................

3. It only happened because you didn’t follow the instructions.

....................................................................................................................................

4. He was so tired that he went home at lunchtime.

....................................................................................................................................

5. It’s lucky we booked a room otherwise we would have had nowhere to stay.

....................................................................................................................................

6. Fortunately I didn’t hear what she said or I would have been very angry.

....................................................................................................................................

7. He didn’t realize what was happening or else he would have run away.

....................................................................................................................................

8. Unfortunately he didn’t pass his exams or he could have gone to university

......................................................................................................................................

9. I didn’t answer the question well, so they didn’t give me the job.

......................................................................................................................................

10. I didn’t have the right tools, so I couldn’t repair the car.

....................................................................................................................................

Exercise 5a Rewrite the following as mixed conditional sentences as in the example:

1. He is not an honest person so he didn't tell the truth.

...If he were an honest person, he would have told the truth. …

2. They were awake all night so they are tired now.

....................................................................................................................................

3. You didn't tell me earlier so we are not going to the cinema tonight.

..................................................................................................................................

4. She didn't cancel the milk so the milkman keeps delivering it.

..................................................................................................................................

5. They were painting the house all day so they are covered in paint now.

....................................................................................................................................

6. She didn't do her homework so she's in trouble with her teacher.

..................................................................................................................................

7. She is so disorganised that she missed the deadline.

....................................................................................................................................

8. The children were playing in the garden all day so they are very dirty now. ....................................................................................................................................

9. He doesn't take his job seriously so he wasn't promoted.

..................................................................................................................................

Exercise 5b Translate these sentences from English into Russian.

1. If I hadn’t dyed my hair, my friends wouldn’t be laughing at me.

2. I wouldn’t be able to do the test if I hadn’t revised thoroughly

3. I’d be able to concentrate if I’d had some breakfast

4. If I’d remembered to book seats last week, we could go to the concert.

5. I wouldn’t be able to play for my friends if I hadn’t practiced.

Exercise 6 First Conditional Sentences. Read and Practise.

I.

A. Do you think Johnny should go to school today? B. No, I don’t. If Johnny goes to school today, he might give his cold to the other children.

1. Do you think I should put some more salt in the soup?

spoil it

2. Do you think I should skip English class today?

miss something important

3. Do you think Rover (a dog) should go to the beach with us?

get carsick

4. Do you think I should marry Norman?

regret it for the rest of your life

II.

A. Do you think it’ll be a hot summer? B. I hope not. If it’s a hot summer, our classroom will be very warm. And if our classroom is very warm, it’ll be impossible to study English! A. You’re right. I hope it isn’t a hot summer.

1. A. Do you think the train will be very crowded?

B. I hope not.

If .............................................., we’ll have to stand.

And if ......................................, we’ll be exhausted by the time we get to work!

A. You’re right. I hope ............................................ .

2. A. Do you think the boss will retire this year?

B. I hope not.

If .............................................., his son will take his place.

And if ......................................, everybody will quit!

A. You’re right. I hope............................................ .

3. A. Do you think inflation will get worse this year?

B. I hope not.

If .............................................., I’ll have to take a second job.

And if ......................................, my family will be very upset!

A. You’re right. I hope ............................................ .

4. A. Do you think our landlord will raise the rent this year?

B. I hope not.

If .............................................., we won’t be able to pay it.

And if ......................................, we’ll have to move!

A. You’re right. I hope ............................................ .

Exercise 7a Second Conditional Sentences. Read and Practise.

I.

A. Why doesn’t Sally get good marks? B. She doesn’t study enough. If she studied more, she would get good marks.

A. Why isn’t Mark a good driver? B. He isn’t careful enough. If he were more careful, he would be a good driver.

1. A. Why aren’t you satisfied with your jobs?

B. We don’t get paid enough.

If ............................................................ .

2. A. Why doesn’t Sidney have a yearly checkup?

B. He isn’t concerned enough about his health.

If ............................................................ .

3. A. Why aren’t most Americans in good physical condition?

B. They don’t exercise enough.

If ............................................................ .

4. A. Why don’t I feel energetic?

B. You don’t sleep enough.

If ............................................................ .

5. A. Why don’t Tom and Janet get along with each other?

B. They don’t have enough in common.

If ............................................................ .

II.

A. I wonder why Fred works so hard. B. I don’t know. He must like his job. A. You are probably right. If he didn’t like his job, he wouldn’t work so hard.

A. I wonder why Alan makes so many mistakes. B. I don’t know. He must be careless. A. You are probably right. If he weren’t careless, he wouldn’t make so many mistakes.

1. I wonder why Barbara wants to be a schoolteacher.

She must like children.

2. I wonder why Nancy is so nervous.

She must have an exam today.

3. I wonder why Bob is so dressed up today.

He must be going to a job interview

4. I wonder why Judy wants a telescope for her birthday.

She must be interested in astronomy.

5. I wonder why Shirley goes hiking in the mountains every weekend.

She must enjoy nature.

6. I wonder why I’m sneezing so much.

You must be allergic to my perfume.

7. I wonder why my elder brother and his girlfriend hold hand all the time.

They must be in love.

III.

A. Do you think the boss would be angry if I went home early? B. Of course he would. He would be very angry. A. Do you really think so? B. Without a doubt. I wouldn’t go home early if I were you. A. I think you’re right.

1. Do you think Roger would be disappointed if I missed his birthday party?

2. Do you think our neighbours would be annoyed if I turned on the stereo?

3. Do you think the voters would be upset if I raised taxes?

4. Do you think my fans would be unhappy if I got a haircut?

Exercise 7b Read and Practise.

1	Tim: Ann: Tim:	I’m thinking of applying for the manager’s job. Really? How much would you earn if you got it? Oh, about £2,000 a year more than now, I suppose.
2	May: Lee: May: Lee:	I don’t know what I’m going to do about money. I can’t even pay this week’s rent. Would it help if I lent you some? Well, it would help, of course. But I can’t borrow from you. Don’t be silly. How much do you want?
3	Ian: Phil: Ian: Phil: Ian:	This room is so dark and dull. What colour would you paint it if you redecorated? White, I think. And I’d have white curtains. You’d spend a lot of time cleaning it. But at least I’d be able to see!
4	Bill: Ben: Bill:	I don’t think I’m going to pass my driving test next week. What will happen if you fail? I won’t be able to get the job I want. They said I must be able to drive.
5	Jill: Milly: Jill: Milly:	Jane’s a very bright girl, isn’t she? Yes. I wouldn’t work here if I weren’t as bright as she is. What would you do instead? I’d get a job doing something exciting, where I’d meet interesting people and visit lots of different places.

Exercise 7c Lisa is talking to her tutor about what she might do when she leaves college.

Tutor: Lisa: Tutor: Lisa: Tutor: Lisa: Tutor: Lisa: Tutor: Lisa: Tutor: Lisa:

Do you have any plans for next year? Well, I’d travel if I could afford it. But I don’t have any money. If you could find a job abroad, would you take it? If it were / was somewhere I want / wanted to go, I’d certainly consider it carefully. What about working as an ‘au pair’? (au pair [ouə] фр. помощница по хозяйству - иностранка, обыкн. работает за квартиру, стол, обучаясь одновременно языку) I’d only consider that if I were / was sure about the family. If they didn’t treat me well, I’d be very miserable. Yes. You have to be sure to use a reputable agency. We have a list in the office. I will get you one if you are interested. Yes, I am. Um, if I decided to apply, would give me a reference? Of course. Well, I hope you succeed, whatever you decide to do. Thank you very much. I’ll let you know. Yes, I’d like that. Goodbye. Goodbye.

Exercise 8a Third Conditional Sentences. Read and Practise.

I.

A. Why didn’t Peter take his umbrella to work today? B. He didn’t know it was going to rain. If he had known it was going to rain, he would have taken his umbrella to work today.

A. Why weren’t you in class yesterday? B. I wasn’t feeling well. If I had been feeling well, I would have been in class yesterday.

1. A. Why didn’t you come to the party last night?

B. I wasn’t invited.

If .................................................................................................... .

2. A. Why didn’t Harry stop at that traffic light?

B. He wasn’t looking.

If .................................................................................................... .

3. A. Why didn’t Mr. and Mrs. Green enjoy the play last night?

B. They didn’t have good seats.

If .................................................................................................... .

4. A. Why didn’t Mr. and Mrs. Clark watch the President’s speech last night?

B. Their TV wasn’t working.

If .................................................................................................... .

5. A. Why wasn’t Senator Maxwell re-elected?

B. The people didn’t trust him.

If .................................................................................................... .

II.

A. I wonder why Gregory arrived late for work. B. He must have missed the bus. A. You’re probably right. If he hadn’t missed the bus, he wouldn’t have arrived late for work.

1. I wonder why Helen prepared so much food.

expect a lot of people to come to her party

2. I wonder why Mario was absent from English class all last week.

be ill

3. I wonder why my cactus plant died.

have a rare disease

4. I wonder why Dad got stopped by a policeman.

be driving too fast

Exercise 8b Read and Practise.

1	Sean: Jim: Sean:	Why didn’t you go to the party last night? (Sean [∫⊃:n] ) I wasn’t invited. So would you have gone if you had been invited?
2	Sam: Mick: Sam: Mick:	Why did you ask Veronica about her boyfriend? It really upset her. Well I didn’t realise they would split up. You didn’t know, then? Of course not. If I had realised, I wouldn’t have asked her about him.
3	Ben: Joe: Ben: Joe:	Can I have a sandwich? Well, I’ve only got this one left. No one told me you were going to be here. If you’d known I was coming, would you have bought one for me? Of course I would. Remember to let me know next time.

Exercise 9a Second Conditional Sentences. Mixed Conditional Sentences.

Read and Practise.

A. Would you like to go on a picnic with me? B. I don’t think so. To be honest, I really don’t feel like going on a picnic today. I went on a picnic yesterday. A. That’s too bad. I’m really disappointed. B. I hope you understand. If I hadn’t gone on a picnic yesterday, I‘d be very happy to go on a picnic with you today. A. Of course I understand! After all, I suppose you‘d get tired of going on picnics if you went on picnics all the time!

A. Would you like to ................................. with me? B. I don’t think so. To be honest, I really don’t feel like .................... ing today. I ............................ yesterday. A. That’s too bad. I’m really disappointed. B. I hope you understand. If I hadn’t .............. yesterday, I‘d be very happy ........................... with you today. A. Of course I understand! After all, I suppose you‘d get tired of ............... ing if you ......................... all the time!

1. eat at a restaurant

2. take a walk in the park

3. go shopping

4. play chess

Exercise 9b Read and Practise.

John: Rose: John: Rose: John: Rose: John: Rose: John: Rose:

Do you love me? You know I do. Would you still love me if I were poor? But you’re rich. I’ve lost all my money. You’re joking! Well, yes, I am. But if had really lost all my money, what would you say? I’d say good-bye. Now you’re joking. Oh no, I’m not!

Exercise 10a First Conditional Sentences

Match the first and the second parts of the sentences below.

1. Give Mary my regards 2. If you keep pulling the cat’s tail, 3. Of course you put on weight 4. Unless the taxi arrives soon, 5. You have to train regularly 6. If you promise to come home by 11, 7. I’ll pick up the shopping on the way home 8. Provided a car is serviced regularly, 9. The next-door neighbours will complain 10. If you go on eating those chocolates, 11. It should arrive tomorrow morning 12. If you have to work late tonight, 13. The bank will repossess the car 14. Behave yourself! If you are a good girl, 15. If you’ve done the work,

a. if you want to stay in the first team. b. you’ll make yourself ill. c. unless I pay back the loan. d. it never breaks down. e. if you see her at the weekend. f. you’ll pass the exam. g. if you send it express. h. we’re going to be late for the party. i. if you eat chips all day. j. you can have an ice-cream. k. if I finish work early. l. she’ll scratch you. m. if you play that music so loudly n. phone to say when you’ll be home. o. you can go to the disco.

Exercise 10b Second Conditional Sentences.

Read the first part of the conditional sentence and try to find the ending.

1. Late again! If you didn’t stay up so late, 2. If you were really ill, 3. If my English were absolutely perfect, 4. If his hair weren’t so long, 5. If people didn’t drive so fast on this road, 6. If I had my address book with me, 7. If we won the lottery, 8. If Maria stayed in Britain for a year, 9. If the weather weren’t so awful, 10. If I had the time,

a. her English would really improve. b. we could buy the house of our dreams. c. you’d be able to get up in the mornings. d. there wouldn’t be so many accidents. e. we could sit outside in the garden. f. I could get a job as an interpreter. g. I’d be able to phone her. h. I’d love to do more cooking. i. he’d look much smarter. j. I’d be more sympathetic.

Exercise 10c Third Conditional Sentences.

Match an incomplete sentence on the left with one on the right to form a complete sentence.

1. If they hadn’t arrived late, 2. If they hadn’t eaten so much ice-cream, 3. If they hadn’t lost the map, 4. If they had reserved seats, 5. If they had rung, 6. If they hadn’t had a ladder, 7. If they hadn’t already seen it, 8. If the baby hadn’t cried all night, 9. If the dog hadn’t woken them, 10. If the rain had stopped,

a. they would have got some sleep. b. they wouldn’t have been able to reach it. c. they would have burnt to death. d. I would have met them off the bus. e. they wouldn’t have missed the beginning. f. they wouldn’t have been sick. g. we would have gone out. h. they would have been able to sit together. i. they would have gone to see it. j. we wouldn’t have been late getting here.

Exercise 11 Match the parts of the sentences, and then say what type of Conditional each sentence is.

1. If we had played better, we 2. If he had been more careful, he 3. If I weren’t so scared, I 4. If you had said you wanted to come, I 5. If she had more time, she

a. would do the parachute jump with you. b. would join the gym. c. wouldn’t have lost the game. d. would have got an extra ticket. e. wouldn’t have been injured.

Answer key: 1c (type 3)

Exercise 12 Make Third Conditional Sentences for each of the following situations.

Begin with the words given.

Example:

I was tired. I went to bed early. If I hadn't felt tired, I wouldn't have gone to bed early - or: If I hadn't felt tired, I would have gone to bed later.

1. I didn't have enough money. I didn't take a taxi.

If ................................................................................................

2. I wasn't interested in the film. I didn't go to the cinema.

If ................................................................................................

3. We took the wrong turning. We arrived late.

If ................................................................................................

4. Romeo thought Juliet was dead. He committed suicide.

Romeo wouldn't .......................................................................

5. Oliver was punished. He asked for more food.

If Oliver ....................................................................................

6. The building had weak foundations. It fell down.

The building wouldn't have .....................................................

7. 1 didn't go downstairs. I was afraid of the dark.

I might ......................................................................................

8. You didn't run fast. You didn't come first.

You could ..................................................................................

9. I didn't know she was the examiner. I made a silly joke.

Had ...........................................................................................

10. She didn't have a car. She couldn't have driven there.

If she .........................................................................................

11. I didn’t buy it. I didn’t have enough money.

I would ......................................................................................

12. Steven didn’t wake up half an hour earlier. He was late for work.

If Steven ....................................................................................

13. George didn’t know her name. He didn’t tell me.

If George ...................................................................................

14. They didn’t invite him to the picnic. He spent the weekend at home.

He wouldn’t ...............................................................................

Exercise 13 Rewrite the following sentences omitting "if".

1. If I were you, I wouldn't apply for the post of firefighter. ......... Were I you, I wouldn't apply for the post of firefighter. ...

2. If you should go to the post office, could you buy me some stamps?

3. If anyone should ring, will you take a message?

4. If you had turned off the oven sooner, the pizza wouldn't have burnt.

5. If I were younger, I'd accept his offer.

6. If the technology were to become available, we would be able to expand the business.

7. If he were to have a chance of success, he would need to move to London.

8. If they hadn’t rushed Dan to hospital, he would have died.

9. It would be embarrassing if she were to find out the truth.

10. If it hadn’t been for my parents, I would never have gone to university.

Exercise 14 Third Conditional Sentences. Complete the sentences about these situations.

1. You went out for a walk without an umbrella. It rained, you got very wet and then you caught a cold.

a. If I ........................ (take) an umbrella with me, I ................................... (not| get) wet.

b. If I ............................ (know) it was going to rain, I ................................. (not| go) out.

c. If I ............................ (not| go) out, I ................................................(not| catch) a cold.

2. You went to bed late last night. This morning you woke up late. Then you missed your bus and you were late for work.

a. I ............. (not| wake) up late this morning if I ............ (not| go) to bed late last night.

b. If I ........................(not| wake) up late, I ......................................... (not| miss) my bus.

c. If I ......................... (not| miss) my bus, I .................................. (not| be) late for work.

Exercise 15 Third Conditional Sentences.

Write what you would say in these situations, using the Third Conditional.

1. You have made some soup for supper. Your brother comes back with three friends. He didn’t tell you he was going to do this and you don’t have enough soup for everybody. What do you say to your brother?

... If you had told me you were going to invite three friends to supper, I would have made some more soup. ..........

2. You were in the shower when the telephone rang so you didn’t answer it. Your mother told you later that it was her on the phone and wondered why you hadn’t answered it. What do you say to her?

.....................................................................................................................................

3. A company offered you a job but the salary was very low. You didn’t take the job. Your father wonders why. What do you say to him?

......................................................................................................................................

4. A friend has just reminded you that there is a party on Saturday night. You nearly forgot about it. What do you say to your friend?

......................................................................................................................................

5. Your younger sister took a photo of her best friend but unfortunately she stood too close so the photo wasn’t very good. What do you say to her?

......................................................................................................................................

6. A friend is upset because when you visited his home town last week you didn’t visit him. Unfortunately, you didn’t have time. What do you say to him?

.......................................................................................................................................

Exercise 16 Underline the correct verb form in bold, as in the example.

1. If they were looking/had looked at the map before they left, they wouldn't have

got lost.

2. If they eat/are eating dinner, I won't disturb them.

3. If Sue has invited us to her party, we should buy/buy her a gift.

4. If I don't feel well tomorrow, I couldn't/won't go to work.

5. If the car alarm goes off/is going off, press the button on my keyring to stop it.

6. I wonder if she is remembering/will remember to post the letter.

7. If the mayor should/would call, tell him I'm busy.

8. If you don't/haven't finish your homework, you can't watch your favourite programme.

9. If it is raining/rains when you leave, take an umbrella.

10. If you will wait/are waiting, I’ll see if the doctor can see you.

11. If Sam has laid/is laying the table, I can serve dinner.

12. Does water turn into ice when it will freeze/freezes?

13. If you will behave/behave yourself, Dad may take you to the park.

14. If he will finish/finishes work early, he may go to the theatre.

15. If I went/would go to bed earlier, I wouldn't be late for work so.

Exercise 17 Choose the correct verb form А, В, С or D to fill the spaces.

1. I ............... happy to advise you if you'd asked me.

A had been В would have been С would be D will be

2. If she .......... her driving test, she would have bought a car.

A would have passed В has passed С passed D had passed

3. I wouldn't have lent him the money if he ........... desperate.

A has not been В wasn't been С hadn’t been D couldn't be

4. If you'd run faster, you ................ the bus.

A should've caught В wouldn't catch С could’ve caught D might catch

5. If I hadn't worked hard when I was young I.............. where I am now.

A won't have been В would be С hadn’t been D wouldn't be

Exercise 18 Answer the following questions:

1. What would you do if you were a millionaire?

2. What would you do if you were the leader of this country?

3. How would you feel if you never needed to sleep?

4. What would you do if you had more free time?

5. What would you do if you could swim like a fish?

6. What would you do if you didn’t have to work?

7. If you had enough money to go anywhere in the world, where would you go?

8. If you could build anything, what would it be?

9. What would you be doing now if it were the 31^st of December?

10. If you found a wallet in the street, what would you do with it?

11. If you started your own business? What would it be?

12. What one thing would improve your life the most?

13. What would happen if people retired younger but lived longer?

14. Which famous business person would you most like to meet?

15. What would happen if the working week were reduced to thirty hours?

16. What one thing would you change about your past life?

17. What would you change at your faculty if you were the dean?

18. What would you change in your country if you were the president?

19. What three wishes would you choose for yourself if you knew that they would come true?

20. Which would you prefer: to win a million dollars or (to) have a brain like Einstein’s?

21. What would you do if you knew that the atomic war would break out tomorrow?

22. What would you build in your city if you were the head of the administration?

23. If, beginning tomorrow, you had a two-week holiday and unlimited funds, what would you do? Why?

24. Suppose you were offered the opportunity to be a crew member on a spaceship that would travel to far points in the universe? There would be no guarantee that you would ever return to earth. Would you go? Why or why not?

25. If you had to choose among perfect health, a loving family, and wealth (and you could have only one of the three during the rest of your life), which would you choose?

26. If you had to teach your language to a person who knew nothing at all about your language, how would you begin? What would you do so that this person could learn your language as quickly and easily as possible?

27. If you could stay one particular age for a span of 50 years, what age would you choose? Why? (At the end of the 50 years, you would suddenly turn 50 years older.)

28. If you had control of all medical research in the world and, by concentrating funds and efforts, could find the cure for only one disease in the next 25 years, which disease would you select? Why?

29. If you could have free services for the rest of your life from a cook, housekeeper, gardener, doctor, driver, or astrologer, which would you choose? Why?

30. Suppose you had a good job. If you boss told you to do something that you think is wrong, would you do it? (You understand that if you don’t do it, you will lose your job.)

31. What would you have done if you had failed an exam?

32. What would you have done if you had been deceived?

33. What would you have done if you had caught a cold?

34. What would you have done if you had spoilt you best dress?

Study the examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

1 If you don't apologise to him, he won't forgive you.

unless He won't forgive you unless you apologise to him.

2 He didn't wear his helmet and got injured.

had If he had worn his helmet, he wouldn't have got injured.

3 I can pick you up from the station but you must give me a call.

long I can pick you up from the station as long as you give me a call.

4 I got home late. That's why I didn't call you. would If I hadn't got home late, I would have called you.

5 If I take out a loan, I will be able to buy a car. provided I will be able to buy a car provided I take out a loan.

6 If you see an accident, call an ambulance. should Call an ambulance should you see an accident.

7 Unless it stops raining, we won't go shopping. does If it does not stop raining, we won't go shopping.

8 I don't think it's a good idea to take the car. were If I were you, I wouldn't take the car.

9 They didn't inform me, so I didn't attend the meeting.

informed If they had informed me, I would have attended the meeting.

Exercise 19 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.

1 I can lend you the money but you must repay me. long I can lend you the money ................................................................... me.

2 If you see Chris today, invite him to the party. should Invite Chris to the party .......................................................... him today.

3 I don't think it's a good idea to buy another coat. were If ............................................................... , I wouldn't buy another coat.

4 Unless he calls me, we won't meet for lunch. does If ..................................................................... , we won't meet for lunch.

5 If you don't apply for the job, you won't get it. unless You won't get the job ...................................................................... for it.

6 They didn't invite me, so I didn't go to the reception. invited If .................................................... , I would have gone to the reception.

7 If we leave early, we will be able to go shopping. provided We will be able to go shopping ....................................................... early.

8 She didn't take an umbrella and got wet.

had If she ..............................................................., she wouldn't have got wet.

9 I missed the bus this morning; that's why I was late. would If I hadn't missed the bus, I ................................................................ late.

Exercise 20 Read the sentences in bold type. Then, read the other sentences and put a tick for the correct ones and a cross for the incorrect ones.

1 If I weren't so tired, I would go out tonight.

A. I'm not tired.

В. I'm not going out tonight.

2. I would buy a computer if I could afford it.

A. I want to buy a computer.

В. I have enough money.

3. If he didn't like his job, he would look for another one.

A. He doesn't like his job.

В. Не wants to look for another one.

4. If I were you, I'd see a lawyer.

A. I'm giving you advice.

В. I think you should see a lawyer.

5. If he were eighteen, he would be able to vote.

A. He is eighteen.

В. Не can't vote.

6. If I had a dog, I would call him Rex.

A. I haven't got a dog.

В. My dog's name is Rex.

7. If the weather weren't so bad, I'd go away for the weekend.

A. The weather isn't very bad.

В. I'm going away for the weekend.

Exercise 21 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

1. I would have lent you my car but I didn't know you needed to borrow it.

had If..I had known you…needed to borrow my car, I would have lent it to you.

2. As long as you are very careful, you can use my CD player.

provided You can use my CD player ............................................... very careful.

3. If there isn't an interpreter at the conference, she won't be able to understand the

speakers. unless She won't be able to understand the speakers..............at the conference.

4. He didn't get the job because he was late for the interview.

would If he hadn't been late for the interview, he ...................................... job.

5. I only learnt to drive because you taught me.

never I ................................................................ drive if you hadn't taught me.

6. You'd better see a doctor.

were If ...........................................................................................see a doctor.

7. Tim will be able to operate the machine but somebody must show him how.

only Tim will be able to operate the machine ........................................ how.

8. She didn't take an umbrella so she got completely soaked.

have If she had taken an umbrella, she................................................. soaked.

9. I will buy a new car but I must save enough money first.

save Provided .......................................................... first, I will buy a new car.

10. She broke her leg so she couldn't go skiing.

broken If.......................................................... leg, she could have gone skiing.

11. Kay can't be at home, otherwise she would have answered the phone.

would If Kay ........................................................... have answered the phone.

12. I would be grateful to receive any information you may have.

could I would be grateful ................................ any information you may have.

13. Karen can make the pie but she must have the recipe.

long Karen can make the pie............................................................ the recipe.

14. If you see Miles, can you ask him to contact me immediately?

see Should ............................................. ask him to contact me immediately?

15. Chris wants to phone his boss but he hasn't got the number.

would If Chris .......................................................................... phone his boss.

Exercise 22 Conditional Sentence with unless/as long as/provided (that)/even if

An English language school has asked students their opinions about some proposed improvements. Here are some answers. Choose the correct conditional conjunction to complete them.

1 2 3 4 5 6

COMPUTERS: EXCURSIONS: VIDEO: CANTEEN PRICES: END-OF-TERM PARTY: TESTS:

Yes, I would use the computers after school, (as long as/even if) there were a teacher there to help me. No, I wouldn’t want to take part in school excursions, (provided that/unless) they took place at the weekend. Yes, I would like to have a video lesson once a week, (unless/provided that) it were related to the course work. I always bring a packed lunch, so I would not eat in the canteen (even if/ as long as) it were much cheaper. Yes, I would come along to a party at the end of term (provided that/unless) I could bring a friend. Yes, I would find it helpful to have regular tests (unless/as long as) the teacher gave us time to prepare for them.

Exercise 23 Conditional Sentence with unless, as long as/so long as, supposing (that), providing (that)/provided (that), only if. Read these sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. As long as our calculations are correct, we’ll make a profit within a year.

2. Unless she is injured, she should win easily.

3. Supposing (that) they ask me why I resigned from my last job - what should I say?

4. Providing my neighbours don’t object, I’m going to build an observatory in my garden.

5. Supposing I get made redundant, how will I pay the rent on my flat?

6. Unless the destruction of the world’s rainforests is stopped, hundreds of animal and plant species will disappear.

7. I’ll write to you every week - so long as you promise to reply.

8. We’ll have the meeting this afternoon, provided (that) no one objects.

9. Unless it rains, I’ll pick you up at 6.oo.

10. You should keep medicines in the fridge only if it is necessary.

Exercise 24 Choose the correct item. If either is possible, choose them both.

1. ................ for my friends, I wouldn’t have got the job.

A. Unless it had been B. If it hadn’t been

2. You’ll be really sorry ............. the opportunity.

A. unless you take B. if you don’t take

3. ................. resource use and waste, we face a decline in the quality of our lives.

A. Unless we cut B. If we don’t cut

4. The workers have threatened to go on strike ............... a pay rise.

A. unless they are given B. if they are not given

5. .................., we’ll expect you around 12.30.

A. Unless we hear from you B. If we don’t hear from you

6. I must get on with my work - ................ to help me.

A. unless you want B. if you don’t want

7. The club will have to close ................. more members.

A. unless we can attract B. if we can’t attract

8. He wouldn’t have failed his exams .................. been ill.

A. unless he had B. if he hadn’t

9. What will you do .................. away for the weekend?

A. unless you go B. if you don’t go

Exercise 25 Learn the dialogue. Make dialogues by analogy.

Assistant: Mary: Assistant: Mary: Assistant: Mary: Assistant:

I’m sorry Mrs. Moore. We have only these now: dark green, white and purple. Well, I’ll take this purple one, if it fits.... Yes, I’ll take this one. Are you sure you want that colour? Yes, it’s lovely. Don’t you like it? Well, men usually don’t like bright colors. If your husband doesn’t like it, I’ll... I’m sure he will. Anyway, I love it. Well, I’ll gladly exchange it for you, if you should change your mind.

Exercise 26 Think about it. In groups discuss your own responses to each ‘opportunity’. Try to include sentences with ‘if, unless, provided that, as long as’.

Example:

A: Would you do a parachute jump from an aeroplane for $ 100 000?

B: No, I wouldn’t. I’m terrified of flying and I certainly wouldn’t dare to jump out, even if I knew it was safe.

C: Oh, I’d do it as long as I had an instructor with me. ...

Well, what would you do for $ 100 000?

Imagine that you have been offered $ 100 000. You know it could change your life but there’s a snag (препятствие; загвоздка). To get the money, you have to do something that is risky, immoral or even illegal. Where would you draw the line (подвести черту под чем-л., положить предел чему-л.)? Test yourself with these seven opportunities.

The seven opportunities

1 Do a parachute jump from an aeroplane?

2 Smuggle (провозить контрабандой) into the country a small packet that a friend gave you.

3 Reveal to a newspaper the intimate details of a friend’s relationship with a famous person.

4 Dive into the sea from a height of 30 metres.

5 Cheat (мошенничать, ловчить; надувать) in a lottery or football pools (pool - спорт. лига: совокупность команд определенного класса ).

6 Marry someone you didn’t like but who was very rich.

7 Sell a painting you had been given, even if you knew it was a forged (фальшивый) painting.

Exercise 27 Translate these sentences from Russian into English.

A. Conditional Sentences.

1. На вашем месте я бы прочитал эту книгу в оригинале. (in the original)

2. Если бы сегодня было воскресенье, я бы остался дома.

3. Если у меня было бы достаточно денег, я бы купил этот магнитофон.

4. Если она была бы старше, она понимала бы вас лучше.

5. Никто не говорил мне о ваших проблемах. Я бы помог вам, если бы слышал об этом.

6. Если бы он был в городе вчера, он зашел бы к вам. (to call on smb)

7. Я бы поступил так же, если бы был там тогда. (to do the same)

8. Мы бы посидели ещё часок, если бы не было так поздно.

9. Если бы вы позвонили ему вчера, он бы изменил свое мнение. (to change one’s mind)

10. Предположим, ты бы выиграл в лотерею? (Suppose; to win the lottery) Как бы ты потратил деньги?

11. На вашем месте я бы примирился с такими результатами. (to make up with)

12. Если бы я отвечал за эту работу, я бы связался с вами.(to be responsible for; to get in touch with)

13. К кому вы бы обратились, если бы нуждались в надежной информации. (reliable)

14. Если бы вы держали эти ягоды в холодном месте, они бы не испортились. (to go bad)

15. Он не вел бы себя так, если бы был честным человеком.

16. Если бы вы чаще хвалили своего ребенка, он бы изменился к лучшему.

17. Если бы у него было хорошеем зрение, он бы не носил очки. (eyesight; to wear spectacles)

18. Если бы я выиграл много денег, я, может быть, перестал работать.

19. Если бы я мог помочь вам, я бы с готовностью сделал это (readily), но я не могу.

20. Если бы я пообещал (to make a promise), я бы сдержал своё обещание. (to keep it)

21. Если бы я не пришёл туда, я бы не узнал, что произошло.

22. Если бы я был на год старше, я бы смог водить машину.

23. Если бы я знал, что вы придете, я бы испек пирог. (to bake a cake)

24. Предположим, он увидел бы тебя, что бы ты сделал. (Suppose)

25. Она бы уже пришла, если бы не опоздала на поезд.

B. Mixed Conditionals (= Sentences of Split Condition)

1. Если бы ты последовал моему совету тогда, то сейчас ты бы знал, что делать.

2. Если бы дождь не шел всю ночь, сейчас было бы теплее.

3. Если бы я любил музыку, я бы вчера сходил на концерт.

4. Она не рассказала бы мне свою историю, если бы не любила мня.

5. Как хорошо вы бы говорили по-английски, если бы говорили на нём с детства? (How well...)

6. Вы бы узнали своего друга сразу же, если бы не видели его десять лет или около того?

7. Если бы вы не пригласили меня, я не был бы сейчас здесь.

8. Если бы вы вчера оделись потеплее, вы бы сегодня не кашляли и не чихали.

9. Если бы он не опоздал на самолет, он бы сейчас был бы здесь.

10. Если бы ты копил деньги, ты бы не был в таком затрудненном положении сейчас. (to be hard up)

11. Она заказала бы что-нибудь ещё, если бы не любила спагетти. (spaghetti)

12. Если бы я любил ‘поп’- музыку, я бы сходил вчера на концерт с тобой.

13. Я был бы сейчас счастливо женат, если бы не сказал Мэри, что не люблю её.

C. But for ... ; If it were not for ...; If it hadn’t been for ... .

1. Он показал мне, как это делать. Если бы не его помощь, я бы ничего не сделала.

2. Я всегда теряюсь на экзаменах. Если бы не моё волнение, я бы отвечала лучше.

3. Она немного ленива. Если бы не её лень (laziness), она была бы прекрасной студенткой.

4. Там часто шли дожди. Если бы не погода, мы бы прекрасно отдохнули.

5. Она показала нам дорогу. Если бы не она, мы бы заблудились.

6. Она объяснила мне это правило. Если бы не её объяснение, я бы и сейчас делал такие ошибки.

7. Если бы не болезнь их вратаря, они бы вчера выиграли.

8. Если бы не его рекомендации (references), меня не взяли бы на работу.

9. Если бы не туфли, которые были мне малы (to be too tight on smb), мне было бы очень весело.

10. Если бы не счастливая случайность, он попал бы в аварию.

11. Если бы не ваша помощь, у нас были бы проблемы. (to get into trouble)

12. Если бы не его отказ поработать сверхурочно, он бы получил повышение по службе. (to work overtime; to get promotion)

D. Sentences with Implied Condition.

1. Его там не было, иначе я бы у него спросила об этом.

2. Погода была хорошая. Вам бы там понравилось.

3. Почему ты не покажешь ему таблицу? (table) Он бы сразу все понял.

4. Мамы нет дома. Она была бы так рада вас видеть.

5. Я не знал, что ты хочешь посмотреть этот фильм. Я бы взял билет и тебе.

6. Я бы тоже купила этот словарь, но у меня нет сейчас денег.

7. Почему она мне не позвонила? Я бы дала ей твой адрес.

8. Почему ты не хочешь поговорить с ним? Твои слова подбодрили бы его.

9. Я бы никогда этого не сделала без вашей помощи.

10. Я бы посоветовала вам обратиться к зубному врачу.

E. Sentences of Problematic Condition. (If + should ...; If + were to ...)

1. Если случайно встретите его, передавайте ему мои добрые пожелания.

2. Если бы я все-таки вам всё рассказал, вы бы удивились.

3. Если бы я все-таки/допустим я бы попросил вас выйти за меня замуж, что бы вы сказали?

4. Если вы все-таки заинтересуетесь, я вам пришлю экземпляр (copy) моей книги.

5. Если вам вдруг понадобится какая-нибудь информация, звоните мне.

6. Если он вдруг/все-таки попросит рекомендации (references), посоветуйте ему обратиться ко мне (to apply to smb).

7. Если вы все-таки захотите связаться со мной, меня можно найти в моём офисе. (to contact smb; to reach smb at; - a polite expression)

8. Если вдруг пойдет дождь, не забудь закрыть окна. (be sure to)

9. Если вы случайно узнаете, что идет в кино, дайте мне знать. (happen to notice)

10. Если бы вы все-таки передумали, вы бы мне позвонили?

11. В случае, если вы найдете хороший дом, я помогу вам купить его.

F. Inversion. (had, were, could, should, ‘only if ’)

1. Будь вы на моем месте, вы бы вели себя так же.

2. В том случае, если вдруг что-нибудь изменится, возвращайтесь домой немедленно.

3. Только если кто-нибудь покажет ему, сможет он управлять машиной. (to operate the machine)

4. Если бы вы поехали поездом, вы бы сэкономили время.

5. На вашем месте я бы повидался с адвокатом. (to see a lawyer)

6. Если бы его пригласили, он бы обязательно пришёл.

G. Conditional Sentences. (if + will; if + would)

1. Я был бы вам благодарен, если бы вы прислали мне вашу брошюру, как можно быстрее.

2. Если вы последуете за мной, я покажу вам дорогу.

3. Если вы подождете минутку, я схожу и принесу деньги. (to fetch)

4. Если бы вы перестали перебивать меня, я бы смог закончить свою речь.

5. Если бы Марта захотела копить деньги, она смогла бы поехать домой на лето.

6. Если вы всё хотите делать сами, конечно, вы чувствуете себя усталой!

7. Если вы будете курить так много, конечно, вы почувствуете себя больным!

8. Если вы ездите так быстро, неудивительно, что полиция все время вас останавливает. (to keep stopping you)

9. Мы бы смогли взять и Энн (too), если бы мама захотела её отпустить. (to let her)

• Object Clauses. (Pattern I: the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb ‘to wish’)

• Conditional Sentences.

Exercise 28a Read these sentences. Object Clause. Pattern I (1)

1. I’m sorry I don’t know his address	I wish I knew his address.
2. It’s pity I have no motor car.	I wish I had a motor car.
3. I’m sorry it isn’t Sunday today.	I wish it were Sunday today.
4. It’s a pity I don’t know where I left the book.	I wish I knew where I left the book.
5. It’s a pity it is so hot in the room.	I wish it weren’t so hot in the room.
6. I’m sorry he isn’t interested in the project.	I wish he were interested in the project.

Exercise 28b Read these sentences. Object Clause. Pattern I (2)

1. I’m sorry I didn’t know about it yesterday.	I wish I had known about it yesterday.
2. It’s a pity I spent so much money yesterday.	I wish I hadn’t spent so much money yesterday.
3. I’m sorry I didn’t buy that book when you advised me to.	I wish I had bought that book when you advised me to.
4. It’s a pity I didn’t reserve the tickets beforehand.	I wish I had reserved the tickets beforehand.
5. I’m sorry I went to see that film.	I wish I hadn’t gone to see that film.
6. I’m sorry I didn’t take a taxi.	I wish I had taken a taxi.
7. It’s a pity I didn’t go to the concert.	I wish I had gone to the concert.
8. I’m sorry I didn’t send him a telegram.	I wish I had sent him a telegram.
9. It’s a pity I gave him my dictionary.	I wish I hadn’t given him my dictionary.
10. I’m sorry I stayed at that hotel.	I wish I hadn’t stayed at that hotel.

Exercise 28c Read these sentences. Object Clause. Pattern I (3)

1. I’m sorry I can’t speak English better.	I wish I could speak English better.
2. It’s a pity I can’t drive a car.	I wish I could drive a car.
3.I’m sorry I can’t help you.	I wish I could help you.
4. Please wait a few minutes.	I wish you would wait a few minutes.
5. Please take this letter to the post office.	I wish you would take this letter to the post office.
6. Please don’t switch on the radio so early in the morning.	I wish you wouldn’t switch on the radio so early in the morning.
7. Please don’t talk with your mouth full.	I wish you wouldn’t talk with your mouth full.
8. I hope she will hurry up with her shopping.	I wish she would hurry up with her shopping.
9. I hope the weather will change soon.	I wish the weather would change soon.
10. I hope he will become famous.	I wish he would become famous.

Exercise 29 Object Clauses. Pattern I Read and Practise.

I.

A. Do you enjoy driving a school bus? B. Not really. I wish I drove a taxi.

A. Does Mr. Robinson enjoy being a teacher? B. Not really. He wishes he were an actor.

1. 2. 3.

Does Larry enjoy being single? Does Sarah enjoy having two part-time jobs? Do you enjoy being the vice-president?

married one good full-time job the president

II.

A. Can Steve dance? B. No, he can’t ... but he wishes he could. If he could dance, he would go dancing every night.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Can Mary sew? Can Janet type fast? Can Henry fix his car by himself? Can Gloria find her keys?

make all her own clothes be able to get a better job save a lot of money be able to get into her flat

Exercise 30 Read and Practise.

1	Sue: Pam: Sue: Pam: Sue: Pam:	My mother‘s really angry with me. Why? Because she found out I left my job. Oh, yes. I told her that. Well, I wish you hadn’t told her. It’s none of your business. I’m sorry.
2	Tony: Ana: Tony: Ana: Tony:	Have you seen James’s new jacket? I bet it was expensive. He told me it cost him £500. I wish I were/was as rich as Games. Well, you may not be rich, but you’re much better looking than James. Am I?
3	Gary: Jane: Gary: Jane: Gary:	You seem to enjoy dancing with Lionel. [laiənl] Yes, I do. He’s a very good dancer. I wish I had learned to dance when I was young. You could learn now. Oh, I’d feel stupid in a dancing class at my age.
4	Eva: May: Eva: May:	I went to Norway last month. Really? My brother’s living in Oslo now. I wish I’d known. I could’ve visited him. Yes, it’s a pity. You must tell me if you have to go there again.
5	Fred: Jan: Fred: Jan: Fred:	My parents moved to New York last month. How do they like it? My mother likes it, but my father misses their old home. He wishes they could move back again. Perhaps he’ll get used to it. I doubt it.
6	Kay: Jill: Kay: Jill:	My brothers are digging a swimming-pool. That sounds like hard work! It is. Actually, I suspect they wish they had never started. But they can’t stop now. There’s a great big hole in the middle of the garden. Yes, I see what you mean.

Exercise 31 Express regret or disappointment.

Model: John is sorry he didn’t join us on Sunday.  John wishes he had joined us on Sunday.

1. Mary is sorry she didn’t come to the meeting yesterday.

2. Susan is sorry she broke an appointment on Saturday.

3. Ernest is sorry he didn’t meet Mabel at the station.

4. I’m sorry I didn’t take a taxi.

5. Andrew is sorry he didn’t follow his father’s advice.

6. Philip is sorry he refused Walter’s invitation.

7. Thomas is sorry he didn’t send that letter.

8. Ray is sorry he didn’t help Aunt Cecily.

9. Agatha is sorry she didn’t take part in the conference.

Exercise 32 Choose the correct item.

1. I wish you............ this film. I am sure you would have liked it.

A saw B had seen

2. I wish you............ earlier. We should have gone to the museum together.

A came B had come

3. I wish you............ time to read this article. Now you would be able to answer all the questions.

A had B hah had

4. I wish you............ us about the day of her arrival. We should have met her at the station.

A informed B had informed

5. I wish all the students............ regularly. They would get better knowledge and their speech would be more fluent.

A worked B had worked

6. I wish you............ Harry. You would enjoy his company.

A saw B had seen

7. I wish you............ Harry. He would have told you a lot of interesting things.

A saw B had seen

8. I wish you............ a ticket for a plane. We could go there together.

A bought B had bought

9. I wish you............ to me yesterday. I would have told you some facts and you wouldn’t feel ill at ease now.

A spoke B had spoken

Exercise 33 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.

1. I wish Sarah would be here now.....wrong: I wish Sarah were here now. .......

2. I wish you would listen to me. ..............................................................

3. I wish I would have more money. .........................................................

4. I wish it wouldn’t be so cold today........................................................

5. I wish the weather would change. .........................................................

6. I wish you wouldn’t complain all the time. ..........................................

7. I wish everything wouldn’t be so expensive. ........................................

Exercise 34 Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense.

1. This train journey seems endless! I wish we (go) ... had gone ... by car.

2. I wish I (have) ........the money to buy some new clothes, but I can’t afford it at the moment.

3. I wish the government (do) ....................... something about the pollution in this city.

4. I’m getting really soaked! I wish I (not forget).................................... my umbrella.

5. I wish you (not do) ................................................. that! It’s a really annoying habit.

6. That was a lovely meal, but I wish I (not eat) ................................................ so much.

7. I wish I (stud.............................. harder for my exams. I don’t think I’m going t pass.

8. I wish you (not leave).......................................... your dirty shoes in your bedroom!

9. I’m afraid I have no idea where Diana has gone. I wish I (know) ............................... .

10. I really enjoyed our trip to the theatre. I wish we (go) ............................. more often.

Exercise 35 Rewrite the following sentences to express either an unreal situation in the present, a regret about a past event or a desire for a situation or someone's behaviour to change.

1. Karen talks all the time in class.

...I wish Karen wouldn't talk all the time in class.(desire for someone's behaviour to change)...

2. I broke my brother's new toy car. ...................................................................

3. Kevin leaves all his books on the floor...........................................................

4. I'm not old enough to go on holiday alone......................................................

5. I haven't got a pet. ...........................................................................................

6. I haven't been to London. ................................................................................

7. I don't know how to ride a bicycle. .................................................................

8. I didn't study for the Geography test. ..............................................................

9. I forgot my best friend's birthday. ...................................................................

10. Liz practises playing the drums late at night. ................................................

11. I argued with my boss yesterday. ..................................................................

12. Tony always forgets to lock the back door. ..................................................

13. I would like to go to Jo's party, but I can't. ...................................................

14. I didn't ask him to help me. ...........................................................................

Exercise 36 Choose the most suitable tense.

1. I wish Peter doesn’t live/didn’t live/wouldn’t live so far away from the town centre. We’ll have to take a taxi.

2. I feel rather cold. I wish I brought/had brought my pullover with me.

3. What a pity. I wish we don’t have to/didn’t have to/wouldn’t have to leave. I’ve just started to enjoy myself.

4. I wish you tell/told/had told me about the test. I haven’t done any revision.

5. I wish the people next door hadn’t made/wouldn’t make/couldn’t make so much noise. I can’t hear myself think!

6. Darling I love you so much! I wish we are/had been/would be/could be together always!

7. I’m sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish I come/came/had come/would come.

8. I like my new boss but I wish she gave/would give/could give me some more responsibility.

9. Having a lovely time in Brighton. I wish you are/were/had been here. Love, Sheila.

10. This car was a complete waste of money. I wish I didn’t buy it/hadn’t bought it.

Exercise 37 Write wishes about these situations, as in the example.

1. You have to work today; you’d rather stay in bed.

..... I wish I didn’t have to work today. If only I could stay in bed. .....................

2. Your team lost the match; you wanted to play in the final. …………………….

3. You don’t have enough money to go on holiday; you’d like to go to Spain with your friends. .......................................................................

4. You painted your living room green; now you would like to have painted it blue instead. ...............................................................................

Exercise 38 Write sentences as in the example:

1. You didn't watch the news so you didn't know there was a train strike.

...... I wish I had watched the news. If I had watched the news, I would have known there was a train strike....

2. You work long hours and you can't spend much time with your family.

..............................................................................................................................

3. You wanted to travel abroad but you forgot to renew your passport.

.............................................................................................................................

4. You can't drive a car so you can't get around easily.

.............................................................................................................................

5. You wanted to play tennis but you broke your racquet. (= racket - ракетка)

..............................................................................................................................

6. You want to go swimming but you have lost your swimming costume.

..............................................................................................................................

7. You want to climb the mountain but you are afraid of heights.

..............................................................................................................................

8. You didn't set your video correctly so you didn't record the film.

..............................................................................................................................

9. You want to go out tonight but you haven't got enough money.

.............................................................................................................................

10. You want to cook an Italian meal but you have no pasta left.

.............................................................................................................................

Exercise 39 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate auxiliary verb.

1. She had her hair permed and now she wishes she ...hadn't....

2. Her husband spends a lot of money and she wishes he .........................

3. I suspect they'll be late again but I wish they ........................................

4. She always forgets people's names but she wishes she .........................

5. He invited 20 people for dinner and now he wishes he .........................

6. She doesn't know how to use a computer but she wishes she.................

7. They never ring before coming round but I wish they ...........................

8. You're always interfering in my affairs and I wish you ..........................

9. We didn't invite the Smiths but I wish we ..............................................

10. You told them I could do the job but I wish you ..................................

Study the examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

1 It's a pity I forgot your birthday.

wish I wish I hadn't forgotten your birthday.

2 Sara wants to join a gym, but she hasn't got enough time.

wishes Sara wishes she had enough time to join a gym.

3 If I knew how to operate a computer. I would have got the job.

wish I wish I knew how to operate a computer; I would have got the job.

4 Why don't you try to pay more attention in class? would I wish you would try to pay more attention in class.

5 I regret telling Mary my address.

wish I wish I hadn't told Mary my address.

6 I didn't post the card in time, so it didn't arrive on his birthday.

wish I wish I had posted the card in time; then it would have arrived on his

birthday.

7 I don't like living in such a small house. wish I wish I lived in a bigger house.

8 What a pity you didn't come with us. only If only you had come with us.

Exercise 40 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.

1 If I knew how to drive a car, I would have got the job.

wish I ......................................... how to drive a car; I would have got the job.

2 Why don't you try to help with the cooking more often?

would I ...................................................... to help with the cooking more often.

3 It's a pity I forgot Sam and Jill's wedding anniversary.

wish I ...................................................... Sam and Jill's wedding anniversary.

4 I don't like working in such a small office.

wish I .................................................................................... in a bigger office.

5 I didn't get there in time, so I missed the beginning of the film.

wish I .....there in time; then I wouldn't have missed the beginning of the film.

6 What a pity they didn't ask us for help with their History project.

only If .......... ..................................... us for help with their History project.

7 I regret spending so much money on clothes last month.

wish I ................................................. so much money on clothes last month.

8 Jane wants to go on holiday, but she hasn't got enough money.

wishes Jane ..................................................... enough money to go on holiday.

Exercise 41 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

1. It's a pity I can't go to the cinema today, but I have to baby-sit.

could I wish I ....... could go to the....... cinema today, but I have to baby-sit.

2. It's a shame we didn't go out for dinner.

gone I wish ..................................................................................... for dinner.

3. I don't have many friends here.

had I wish ............................................................................................. here.

4. It's a pity I can't go out tonight but I have to work late.

could I wish ............................................................... but I have to work late.

5. It's a shame we didn't go home for Christmas.

gone I wish .............................................................................. for Christmas.

6. If it weren't raining, we could go for a walk.

stop I wish ................................................................; we could go for a walk.

7. It's a pity that I wasn't given the position.

been I wish ................................................................................... the position.

8. I've been offered a job in Spain, but I can't speak Spanish.

speak I wish ...................................... because I've been offered a job in Spain.

9. If it weren't snowing, we could go for a drive.

stop I wish ............................................................... ; we could go for a drive.

10. It's a shame we missed the beginning of the film.

missed I wish .................................................................. beginning of the film.

Exercise 42 Translate these sentences from Russian into English. Object Clauses. (Pattern I)