- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
All vowels in the unstressed position underwent a qualitative change and became the vowel of the type of [ ] or [e] unstressed. This phonetic change had a far-reaching effect upon the system of the grammatical endings of the English words which now due to the process of reduction became homonymous.
-forms of strong verbs
Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
With the suffixed –an, -on, -en different only in the vowel component became homonymous in Middle English
Written – wrot- written – written
forms of nouns
OE Nominative Plural a-stem fiscas
Genitive singular fisces
Middle English for both the forms is fisces
QUALITATIVE CHANGES
Changes of monophthongs
Three long monophthongs underwent changes in Middle English:
-
periods
sounds
Old English
Middle English
New English
a>o
ae>e
y>i
stan
slaepan
fyr
ston
slepen
fir
stone
sleep
fire
The rest of the monophthogs presenting their original quality, for example:
-
Old English
Middle English
e [ ]
u [ ]
u
i
tep
top
ut
time
teeth
tooth
out
time
Out of the seven principal OE short monophthongs: a, e, o, i, u, ae, y – two changed their quality in Middle English thus [ae] became [a] and [y] became [i] , the rest of the monophthongs remaining unchanged, for example:
-
Old English
Middle English
aet
wae
first
tellan
hors
singan
putan
that
was
first
tellen
hors
singen
putten
Changes of diphthongs
All OE diphthongs were contracted (became monophthongs) as at the end of the OE period.
-
periods
sounds
Old English
Middle English
eo > e
ea >e
eo >e
ea >a
deop
bread
seofon
eald
deep
bread
seven
ald
But instead of the former diphthongs that had undergone contraction at the end of the OE period there appeared in Middle English new diphthongs. The new diphthongs sprang into being due to the vocalization of the consonant [j] after the front vowels [e]or [ae] or due to the vocalization of the consonant [ ] or the semi-vowel [w] after the back vowels [o] and [a:].
Thus in Middle English there appeared four new diphthongs: [ai], [ei], [au], [ou].
Quantitative changes
Besides qualitative changes mentioned above vowels under stress underwent certain changes in quantity.