- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
The phonetics of the OE period was characterized by a system of dynamic stress. The fixed stress fell on the 1st root syllable.
The vowels had the following characteristic features:
the quantity and the quality of the vowel depended upon its position in the word. Under stress any vowel could be found, but in unstressed position there were no diphthongs or long monophthongs, but only short vowels a, e, I, o, u.
the length of the stressed vowels was phonemic, which means that there could be two words differing only in the length of the vowel .
there was an exact parallelism of long and short vowels.
There were the following vowel phonemes in Old English:
Monophthongs: i, i:, y, y:, u, u:, e, e:, o, o:, ae, ae:, a, a:
Diphthongs: eo, eo:, ea, ea:
The Old English vowel system formed on the basis of Common Germanic vowel system and also under the influence of different processes.
Changes in OE vowel phonemes
The changes that took place in the prehistoric period of the development of the English language and which explain the difference between OE and Common Germanic vowels were of two types: assimilative changes and independent changes. Independent changes do not depend upon the environment in which the given sound was found. They cannot be explained, but they are merely stated. Assimilative changes are explained by the phonetic position of the sound in the word and the change can and must be explained. Among the many phonetic assimilative changes which took place in the prehistoric period of the development of the English language and which account for the discrepancy between the OE and the Common Germanic vowel system the most important are breaking and palatal mutation.
BREAKING (I-MUTATION). The process of breaking took place in the 6th century. It affected two vowels – [ae] and [e] when hey were followed by the consonant [r], [l], [h] generally followed by another consonant. The resulting vowel was a diphthong; consequently the process may be summed up as diphthongization of short vowels [ae] and [e] before certain consonant clusters.
PALATAL MUTATION it occurred somewhere during the 6th-7the centuries. The process affected Germanic words where a vowel in a stressed syllable was immediately followed by the sound [i] or [j] in the next syllable. Almost all vowels, both diphthongs and monophthongs, in the context described above became further forward and higher, or more palatal and more narrow, with the exception of [e] and [i] which could go no further.
As a result of this process a new phoneme entered the vowel system in Old English – y/y/. It appeared as a result of narrowing u/u/.
Umlauts
This is a case of regressive assimilation, when the vowelc is changed under the influence of following vowel. We distinguished: I-umlaut (front mutation), and u-umlaut (back mutation).
i-umlaut
The name reflects the two main elements of the change, namely that when there was i, i, or j in the syllable following one that contained a back vowel, then the back vowel was fronted to the equivalent front vowel. Over time i, i, or j disappeared, or changed to e, but their original presence can be established by examining cognate words in other languages. The mutation of the back vowels led to the following results in OE:
aa> ae >e
a >ae
o> e
o >oe> e
u >y
u >y
ea> ie
ea >ie
eo> ie
eo >ie
One important effect of this mutation was the creation of {y} a new, rounded front vowel. Another was that it created differences within the paradigms of both verbs and nouns. For instance, in the nouns some paradigms had formed their plural with an i/j in the inflection ending, and this led to a variation in the stem vowel between the singular and the plural, which is still found in some words as foot/feet, man/men
Towards the end of the prehistoric period of OE a change, usually referred to as a BACK MUTATION, (7/8 centuries) occurred, whereby the short front vowels [ae, e, i] were diphthongzed when the back vowels [u, o, a] were present in the following syllable.
i>io
e>eo
ae>ea
This process differs from I-umlaut in three respects:
it affected almost exclusively short vowels
it affected only front vowels
its results are less uniform due to various leveling and further modification as well as to the fact that it was probably not carried out so completely everywhere as the case with I-umlaut.
The Great Vowel Shift
Common Germanic and classical Old English Phonemic System Compared