- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
8Changes within the Adjective System in me
Only two grammatical phenomena that were reflected in the adjectival paradigm in OE and preserved in Middle English: declension and the category of number. The difference between the Indefinite and Definite declension is shown by the zero ending for the former and the ending –e for the latter, but only in the Singular. The forms of the Definite and the Indefinite declension in the Plural have similar endings.
The difference between number forms is manifest only in the Indefinite declension, where there is no ending in the Singular but the ending –e in the Plural.
All grammatical categories and declensions in Middle and New English disappeared,. Contrary to that degrees of comparison of the adjective were not only preserved but also developed in Middle and New Engl. It should be note that out of the three principal means of forming degrees of comparison that existed in OE: suffixation, vowel interchange, and supplative forms, there remained as a productive means only one: suffixation, the rest of the means seen only in isolated forms. At the same time there was formed and developed a new means – analytical.
The adjective has lost its case-system altogether. There remain only a few traces of the number distinction and the distinction between the strong and weak declension. The comparative and the superlative degrees are formed with the suffixes –er, -est respectively. The mutated forms still occur, but the vowel may already be leveled on the pattern of the positive form. The suppletive forms of comparison remain the same, with corresponding phonetic changes.
9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
The verb system in OE was represented by two sets of forms: the finitive of the verb and the non-finitive forms of the verb. Those two types of forms differed more than they do today from the point of view of their respective grammatical categories, as the verbals at that historical period were not conjugated like the verb proper, but were declined like nouns or adjectives. Thus the infinitive could have two case-forms, which may conventionally be called the “Common” case and the “Dative” case.
The Non-finite forms are: the Infinitive and the two Participles.
The Infinitive. There are two infinitive forms: one of them is called the dative Infinitive(the Indo-European infinitive had been a declinable noun). This infinitive is preceded by to and has the ending –anne; it is used in independent syntactic positions, mainly as adverbial modifier of purpose, but also as subject and predicative. The infinitive with the ending –an functions, as a rule, in combination with preterite-present verbs and in other verbal collocations.
Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicativel.
Participle II. Has the ending –n or –ed, -od, according to the type of verb (strong or weak). It is declined as adjective (according both to the strong and the weak pattern) and is used mainly as attribute and predicative.