- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
Specific features of the Germanic languages.
Proto-Germanic naturally shows a great deal of common characteristics in phonology, grammar and lexicon with other IE languages as a member of the same family. At the same time a bundle of characteristics, distinctive traits sets it apart from the rest. These innovations include:
The dynamic main stress falling on the 1st or root syllable of the word.
The far reaching reduction of unstressed syllable including the loss of consonants and vowels in originally word-final formation.
The first consonant shift.
Systematic function use of ablaut for the formation of the preterite of primary verbs.
The formation of the preterite by means of the dental suffix (-d, -t)
The rise of two kinds of adjective inflection, strong and weak.
The shift of IE syllabic (l, r, m, n) to (ul, ur, um, un).
The use of IE verbal noun in –ono- in the function of the infinitive.
A good deal of the basic stock of words which are not found outside the Germanic languages.
14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
The most important change in the consonant system that can be observed if we compare the OE and the ME consonant system will be the development of the fricative consonant [ ] and the affricates [ ] and [ ] from OE palatal consonant or consonant combination.
Thus we can notice that variants of some OE consonant phonemes developed differently; the phoneme denoted in OE by the letter c had two variant [k] – hard and [k] – palatal, the former remaining unchanged, the latter giving us a new phoneme, the phoneme [ ]. The phoneme denoted by the letter “g” or “ ” and which existed in four variants: [ g, ][g ] – in spelling “ ” and [j], [ ] – in spelling “g” had the following development:
[g] – [ ]
[j], [ ] were vocalized
[g] remained unchanged
Special notice should be taken of the development of such consonant phonemes that had voiced and voiceless variants in OE, such as
[f] – [v]
[s] – [z]
[ ] – [ ]
They became different phonemes in Middle English.
17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
PIE have partly pitch (musical) and partly stress accent, but in PG the stress became predominant. In the parent language the chief accent of a word did not always fall upon the same syllable, but was free or movable. It could fall on any syllable of a word, whether prefix, stem, suffix, or ending. This free accent can still be seen in Classical Greek. In PG there was a tendency to adopt a uniform position for the stress on a word, by putting it on the 1st syllable. The tendency in PG to stabilize the accent on the first syllable, together with the adoption of a predominantly stress type of accent, had profound consequences. Due to the difference in the force of articulation the stressed and unstressed syllables underwent widely different changes: accented syllables were pronounced with great distinction and precision, while unaccented became less distinct and were weakened and lost. Since the stress was fixed on the root, the weakening and loss of sounds mainly affected the suffixes and endings. Many endings merged with the suffixes, were weakened and dropped.