- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
The OE noun paradigm was composed by the following grammatical categories: gender, number, case.
The category of gender was formed by the opposition of 3 gender-forms: masculine, feminine, neuter. All nouns no matter whether they denoted living beings, inanimate things or abstract notions belonged to one of the 3 genders. The subdivision of OE nouns in accordance with their grammatical gender is traditional, the correspondence between the meaning of the word and its grammatical gender being hard to trace.
Some nouns denoting animals were also treated as neuter, such as cicen (chicken), hors (horse)
The grammatical gender did not always coincide with the natural gender of the person and sometimes even contradicted it (for instance, the noun wifman was declined as masculine).
Number
The grammatical category of number was formed by the opposition of two category forms: singular and plural.
Case
In the course of the development the original paradigm had undergone great changes due to the fusion of the origin suffix and the origin gram ending into the element which from the point of view of OE is to e regarded as a gram ending. As a result of that fusion nouns that are known to have had different stem-suffixes originally in OE acquired materially different endings in the same case. The original stem suffixes were formed both by vowel and consonants. Thus there were two respective principal groups of declensions in OE: the vowels declension (strong – comprises four principal paradigms: a-stem, o-stem, u-stem i-stem ) and the consonant declension (weak – it comprises nouns with the stem originally ending in –n, -r, -s and some other consonants). In rare cases the new forms is constructed by adding the ending directly to the root – so-called root-stem declension.
Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
This type of declension consists of masculine and neuter genders of OE nouns. As a rule those are common everyday words that formed the very core of the word-stock: half, hwaerte, hors, fisc, scip etc.
The paradigm of the a-stem nouns is characterized by the homonymity of the Nominative and Accusative case-form. The rest of the forms retain their endings. The difference between the genders of the nouns is clearly seen from the different endings in the Nominative and the Accusative plural (-as for the masculine and –u for the neuter).
Consonant stems. Declension of n-stem nouns.
The consonant declension consisted of nouns with the stem originally ending in –n, -r, -r and other consonants. The n-stem class was formed by nouns of all the 3 genders.
The n-stem was the most important among all the consonant stem declension. This class of nouns was composed of common words. The group was very extensive in OE and like the a-stem declension it exhibited a tendency to spread its forms over other declensions. The original stem suffix –n may be observed in the majority of case forms, but very often the grammatical ending had been dropped in the pre-written period.
Gender oppositions in this declension are not distinct, the masculine nouns being different from the feminine only in the Nominative Singular and from the neuter – in the Nominative and the Accusative Singular.
Declension of root-stem nouns. Root- stem require special consideration. This class was not extensive and stood apart among other OE nouns due to peculiarities of form-building which was partly retained in Modern English. Unlike other classes the root-stem nouns such as man, mus originally had no stem-suffix and the grammatical ending was added directly to the root. As a result of that in the dative Singular and the Nominative and the Accusative Plural the root-vowel had undergone palatal mutation due to the I-sound in the grammatical ending of these forms. Later the ending was dropped and vowel interchange remained the only means of differentiating the given forms in the paradigm. The endings of the rest of the forms are built up on analogy with those of the a-stem, hence the difference between genders can be observed only in the Genitive Sigular –es for the masculine, -e for the femininw.
Middle English dialects