- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
Oe vocabulary
The vocabulary of OE was rather extensive. It is said to have contained about 50 000 words. These words were mainly native words. They could be divided into a number of strata. The oldest stratum was composed of words coming from the Common Indo-European parent tongue.
Many of these words were inherited by English together with some other Indo-European languages from the same common source, and we shall find related words in various Indo-European languages.
OE NE Latin russian
modor mother mater мать
niht night nox ночь
Another layer, relatively more recent, was words inherited by English and other Germanic languages from the same common Germanic source. You will find them in many languages, but only those belonging to the Germanic group.
The third stratum and that not very extensive, was made up of words that existed only in English, for instance, the word clypian to call, the root preserved in the now somewhat obsolete word yclept named
The vocabulary was changing all the time, old words becoming extinct and new words entering the language, enriching it.
As it known, there are two principal ways of enriching the vocabulary of a language: internal means – those that are inherent in the language itself, and external means, which result from contacts between people. The English-speaking people of the period mainly used internal means of enriching the vocabulary to adapr their language to the expression of more varied or new notions.
Simplification of Consonant cluster in Md E
The structure of the word in OE, its previous and subsequent stages
Historical development of Analytical forms of the verb in English.