- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
Biomass |
Dry matter yield (t/ha/year) |
oil equivalent (l/ha/year) |
miscanthus, fiber sorghum, sweet sorghum, reed |
20-30 |
8000-12000 |
Spartina, maize, sunflower, hemp, cereals, kenaf, willow, poplar, eucalyptus |
10-20 |
4000-8000 |
rape, black locust, buckwheat, flax, corn, wheat |
4-10 |
1600-4000 |
Oil crop: soybeans, rapeseed, sunflower, hazelnut |
1.6-2.6 |
600-1400 |
Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
Crop |
Residue |
Yield (tonns/tonns of crop) |
|
Crop |
Residue |
Yield (tonns/tonns of crop) |
Rice |
straw |
1.1-2.9 |
|
Oats |
straw |
1.8 |
Wheat |
straw |
1.0-1.8 |
|
Peas |
stalk |
5.0 |
Corn |
stalk + cob |
1.2-2.5 |
|
Cotton |
stalk |
3.5-5.0 |
Grain sorghum |
stalk |
0.9-4.9 |
|
jute |
stalk |
2.0 |
Millet |
stalk |
2.0 |
|
Peanuts |
shell |
0.5 |
Barley |
straw |
1.5-1.8 |
|
Peanuts |
stalk |
2.3 |
Rye |
straw |
1.8-2.0 |
|
|
|
|
The wood is used both for the production of timber, paper and fiber as well as an energy source. Normal life cycle of a tree includes a period of rapid growth in height followed by a period of steady growth in diameter, height and volume. The age of harvest depends on the species, but in general reaches 30-80 years. For several species of fast-growing trees the life cycle can be reduced to 3-15 years. These species are: poplar, willow and eucalyptus. Most used energy crops are wheat, barley, sugar cane, sugar beet, legumes (alfalfa or clover) oilseed plants (rape, soy), herbaceous plants (miscanthus, switchgrass). These plants provide biomass that can be burned directly or subjected to thermochemical or biological transformations. Wheat, rye, barley, sugar cane and sugar beet are generally converted into ethanol. Legumes and herbaceous plants can be processed together with litter or waste to produce biogas. Oilseed plants are used to produce biodiesel. There are the plants that can be processed to obtain simultaneous and cellulose and bioethanol. Such plant is sweet sorghum. Some of the listed plants are perennial and some are annual, but all are suitable of conventional agriculture. Both crops intended for energy production and for food have to be developed together to maximize the efficiency of farms. The advantage of the energy crops is that they do not require the best land and not too much care, water and fertilizer due to the fact that the quantity is important not the quality. agricultural residues and by-products are those derived from the wood processing (sawdust, wood chips, wood shavings, bark) and harvesting and processing of food plants (cereals, sugar cane, tea, coffee, rice, cotton, rubber tree, coconut palm). Only 20% of the straw can be used for energy purposes, the other output is used to meet the requirements of the agricultural and others. Manure is another useful source coming from the agricultural sector. A source of biomass that has not been exploited so far is the marine biomass, consisting of plankton and algae. Given the large volumes, this can be a major source of energy for the future.
Municipal solid wastes are generated mainly from domestic activity in households. On the average each EU citizen produces more than 500 kg waste per year. Decision on their use as an energy source is linked to local and national management policy and to the population attitude related to waste recycling and incineration.