- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
The energy management framework was setteled up by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) voluntary International Standards. ISO 50001 is volantory international framework, supports organizations in all sectors to use energy more efficiently, through the development of an energy management system (EnMS). [http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso50001.htm]
In common with all other ISO standards, ISO 50001:2011 makes use of Deming’s Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle, which was originally developed to help manufacturers with quality improvement.
Plan: Appoint someone who will be responsible for developing the EnMS; carry out an energy review and establish where you are; develop an energy management policy; develop energy performance indicators, energy improvement objectives, targets and action plans needed to take advantage of opportunities to improve energy performance. Put energy management action plans into practise.
Check: Monitor and measure energy-using processes; determine energy performance against the energy performance indicators, policy and objectives; report the results.
Act: Take actions to continually improve energy performance and the operation of the EnMS.
By guiding the organisation through a logical process, ISO 50001 avoids having to invent an energy management system from scratch and can save a considerable amount of time & effort. http://www.thehsqedepartment.com/drupal/environmental-services/what-is-iso-50001
5.7.Conclusions
Conclusions RTU A.Ziravecka 5-10
EU legistlative base could be summarized from technological perspectives as follows. The energy saving targets is ambitions in EU. The energy saing targets setteled by strategy 2020 is not acheivible without additional technological developments. The topics to be further developed are:
energy supplay: transformation, transmission and distribution;
grid balancing;
cogeneration technology;
energy consumption in buildings;
renewable sources;
energy taxation;
energy efficient lighting
“intelligent” individual meters;
energy consumption by transport;
energy end-use efficiency;
energy-efficient equipment;
electrical drive;
efficient heating & cooling technologies;
low-energy products.
References
RTU N.Kunicina
Home page of International Energy Agency http://www.iea.org/topics/energyefficiency/.
Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on Energy Efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC.
Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps.
http://standards.ieee.org/develop/overview.html
Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 – Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 [COM(2011) 109 final – Not published in the Official Journal]. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/en0029_en.htm
Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC.
Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings
Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC [See amending act(s)].
Home page of Directorate-General for Energy http://ec.europa.eu/energy
http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms/individual_en.html
http://www.smartgrids.eu
http://www.wsstp.eu
http://www.eurekanetwork.org/showevent?p_r_p_564233524_articleId=1119623&p_r_p_564233524_groupId=10137
http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/about/structure/working-groups-1/
http://www.artemis-ia.eu/project/index/view/?project=19
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/smart_meters/smart_meters.aspx
Communication Concept for Smart Metering, Smart Grid and Home Automation Thomas Kessler ETSI M2M Workshop, 26 - 27 October 2011, Sophia Antipolis, France
http://www.intellicis.eu/Pages/Working_Groups/Working_Groups.php
Raghavendra C.S.; Sivalingam, Krishna M.; Znati, Taieb (Eds.) Wireless Sensor Networks, 1st ed. 2004, Elsver 442 p.
B. Kopf, C. Kiefer Elements of Automatics project “ Data Conversion Device for a Smart House” Riga Technicl University, Hochshule Furtwangen University, 2012, Riga, Latvia. 36 p.
Power over Ethernet. URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet.
EUREKA PROJECT 5006 HM-HME: Hybrid Modular Home Media Equipment http://www.eurekanetwork.org/project/-/id/5006
R.Setolaa, S. De Porcellinisa, M. Sforna, “Critical infrastructure dependency assessment using the input–output inoperability model”, International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection 2 (2009), pp. 170 – 178, 2009.
A.Zabasta, O. Nikiforova, N. Kunicina A Risk Based Modeling of Interdependencies in Critical Infrastructures through UML // Proceedings of the 53nd Annual International Scientific Conference of Riga Technical University. Section of Power and Electrical Engineering. - , : RTU, 2012. - 1.-6. pp ( in press).
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Zabasta A., Selmanovs-Pless V., Kunicina N. Wireless Sensor Networks Application at Water Distribution Networks in Latvia // Electrical and Control Technologies: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Electrical and Control Technologies (ECT 2012), Lithuania, Kaunas, 3.-4. May, 2012. - pp 40-43.