- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
Biomass |
Substance (% mas) |
||||||||||
SiO2 |
Al2O3 |
TiO2 |
Fe2O3 |
O |
MgO |
Na2O |
K2O |
SO3 |
P2O5 |
cl |
|
Red oak wood |
48.2 |
9.5 |
- |
8.5 |
17.5 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
9.5 |
2.6 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
Wheat straw |
48.0 |
3.5 |
- |
0.5 |
3.7 |
1.8 |
13.5 |
20.0 |
1.9 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
Walnut shell |
23.7 |
2.4 |
0.1 |
1.5 |
16.6 |
13.4 |
1.0 |
32.8 |
2.2 |
6.2 |
0.1 |
Almond shell |
23.5 |
2.5 |
0.1 |
2.8 |
10.5 |
5.2 |
1.6 |
48.5 |
0.6 |
4.5 |
0.2 |
Sunflower shell |
29.3 |
2.9 |
0.1 |
2.1 |
15.8 |
6.4 |
1.5 |
35.6 |
1.3 |
4.8 |
0.2 |
Olive husk |
32.5 |
8.4 |
0.3 |
6.3 |
14.5 |
4.2 |
26.2 |
4.3 |
0.6 |
2.5 |
0.2 |
Olive kernel |
67.7 |
20.3 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.5 |
0.05 |
11.2 |
0.15 |
- |
- |
- |
Hazelnut shell |
33.7 |
3.1 |
0.1 |
3.8 |
15.4 |
7.8 |
1.3 |
30.4 |
1.1 |
3.2 |
0.1 |
Swithgrass |
66.25 |
2.22 |
0.28 |
1.36 |
10.21 |
4.71 |
0.58 |
9.64 |
0.83 |
3.92 |
- |
Rice straw |
77.20 |
0.55 |
|
0.50 |
2.46 |
2.71 |
1.79 |
12.59 |
- |
- |
- |
Boilers with circulating fluidized bed are suitable for biomass combustion, because they are flexible to changing in fuel quality and produce ash with unburned fuel. The high content of unburned carbon in ash reduces chemical stability of ash and increases ash volume, leading to increased cost of ash handling, transportation and storage. To mitigate these effects, the ash should be recycled to be re-burned or the combustion process has to be improved. Ash re-burning reduces NOx emissions by 20%, and increases CO emissions at about 100-140ppm. The quantity of re-circulated ash amount must be reduced in order to avoid an increased corrosion tendency in boiler. Economic benefits of boilers with circulating fluidized bed are limited to low cost of fuel and ash handling. The ashes from these boilers can be recycled and used as a nutrient for forest land. Fly ash from combustion of biomass in the fixed bed has a high content (50%) of unburned carbon and is therefore not suitable to direct recycling.
Low-temperature corrosion of biomass boiler is produced by hygroscopic species (in particular iron chloride) present in ash deposit that are subject to wide temperature variations caused by boiler intermittent operation. Compared with deposits generated during coal combustion, deposits resulting from biomass combustion are denser and difficult to remove. In conclusion it can be said that the corrosion phenomenon depends on the content of Cl, alkali metal and S in the fuel.
Biomass co-combustion
Co-firing of biomass with coal leads to lower total emissions relative to unit of generated energy due to very different compositions. It also may leads to reduced costs of fuel and less wastes. Technical issues are solved by experiments and tests.
In co-combustion plants an increased deposit formation may occur. Also the use of ash in building materials should be limited due to constituents in biomass, especially alkali metals. Changes of ash composition lead to limitation of biomass use to about 10% of the fuel input.
Co-combustion of biomass technique is used also to substitute fossil fuels and to reduce CO2 emissions.
Combustion technologies
Biomass combustion is used for heat production in systems such as: district heating systems (0.5 MW - 50 MW); combined heat and power systems (CHP) with steam turbines, Stirling engines (10 kWe to 100 kWe) and gas turbines. Biomass can be used also in large power stations (>100 MWe) to substitute maximum 10% of total input fuel.
the most frequently used furnace types for biomass combustion are shown in Table XI [14].