Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
Tehnology |
Utility Shaping |
Power Quality |
Distributed Grid |
Automotive |
||||
direct electric |
||||||||
Ultracapacitors |
o |
x |
o |
o |
||||
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage |
o |
x |
o |
o |
||||
electrochimical |
||||||||
Bateries |
||||||||
Lead-acid |
X |
X |
X |
o |
||||
Lithium-ion |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||||
Nickel-Cadmium |
X |
X |
o |
o |
||||
Nickel - metal hydride |
o |
o |
o |
X |
||||
Zebra |
o |
o |
o |
X |
||||
Sodium–sulfur |
X |
X |
o |
o |
||||
Flow Batteries |
||||||||
Vanadium redox |
X |
o |
o |
o |
||||
Polysulfide bromide |
X |
o |
o |
o |
||||
Zinc bromide |
X |
o |
o |
o |
||||
Electrolytic hydrogen |
o |
o |
o |
X |
||||
Mechanical |
||||||||
Pumped hydro |
X |
o |
o |
o |
||||
Compressed air |
X |
o |
o |
o |
||||
Flywheels |
o |
X |
o |
X |
||||
Direct thermal |
||||||||
Sensible Heat |
||||||||
Liquides |
o |
o |
X |
o |
||||
Solids |
o |
o |
X |
o |
||||
Latent Heat |
||||||||
Phase change |
X |
o |
X |
o |
||||
Hydration–dehydration |
X |
o |
o |
o |
||||
Chemical reaction |
X |
o |
X |
o |
||||
Thermochemical |
||||||||
Biomass solids |
X |
o |
X |
o |
||||
Ethanol |
X |
o |
o |
X |
||||
Biodiesel |
o |
o |
o |
X |
||||
Syngas |
X |
o |
o |
X |
||||
The principal forms of stored energy are: electricity, mechanical and thermal. Electricity has the highest quality as it can be converted into one of the other forms without energy loss. Mechanical energy can be converted into electricity or heat with some energy loss. The heat energy is low quality energy because it cannot be converted easily into the other two forms of energy. The quality of thermal energy depends on its temperature. The maximum quantity of useful work (mechanical energy) that can be obtained from a given quantity of heat Q is:
[kJ] (1)
where T0 = 273.15 K and T1 is
temperature of the heat. The expression
is called Carnot factor.