- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
5.1.6.Conclusions
The supercapacitor ESS significantly improoves the energy efficiency of existing drive system by saving the regenerative braking energy and smoothering the energy consumption peaks.
Fitting a hybrid ESS with a supercapacitor in the drive system test
bench studies makes the regenerative braking mode of a vehicle,
elevator and other drive independent of the network voltage.
The computer model for traction drive with hybrid ESS test bench could provide the investigation of rolling stock with ESS behaviour at various operation modes on scale drive system.
The stable system operation at various voltage failures and short dropouts in the network is possible. Such experiments are difficult and expensive to provide in real vehicle therefore, it is advisable to investigate the operation of scale TB instead of vehicle, but proper design of bench requires first to build and test a computer model of the proposed TB, which would allow its safe testing and upgrading before physical implementation.
As the traction power peak shaving and regenerative braking energy storage is inefficient with accumulator battery, the continuous charging of the accumulator battery even at frequent overhead voltage dropouts is necessary. One of the best solution for this purpose is continuous charging of accumulator from the ESS supercapacitor. Non-interrupted charging of the accumulator battery is possible in all TB feeding modes – network and autonomous with operating supercapacitor.
When a hybrid ESS is used, the supercapacitor control system should keep its higher charge level to ensure enough energy − both for autonomous operation of the traction drive and for charging the accumulator. Also the minimum losses of energy on a brake resistor are observed, when initial supercapacitor voltage values are close to maximum level. Close to the ESS lower charge level small losses appear in a working range of initial supercapacitor voltage, and they decrease by increasing of intial ESS voltage.
5.1.7.Tasks
The supercapacitor ESS energy is 900+MN kJ. Capacitor battery voltage is 400+MN V. How big is maximum current, if all ESS working voltage range could be used? ESS consist from 63F/125V modules?
Calculate the ESS for previous task, if 3000F/2.7V capacitor banks are used to obtain capacity not less than 63F. Design the capacitor bank connection circuit.
The ESS power is 180+M.N kW. How big is ESS energy, if the supercapacitor maximum voltage is 90+M % of battery nominal voltage, and minimal voltage 50+N % of battery nominal voltage?
Obtain the test bench scale factors, if TB motor power is 7.5kW, vehicle weight 18+M.N tonns, other vehicle parameters as shown in Chapter 1.1.5.
Calculate ESS voltage range, if small capacitance must be simulated on large capacitor. ESS parameters: EESS,bench = 21.MN kJ; PESS,bench = 2.MN kW.
The M is last but one number of student ID, N – last number of student ID.