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Unit 14 Art

Use of English

The Passive voice.

  • passive voice is used when the action is important than the agent. e.g. My bike was stolen.

  • when the person who carries out the action is known, unimportant or obvious. e.g. The shop was burgled.

  • when we want to emphasize the agent e.g. The city cathedral was built be my great great grandfather.

  • When we want to make statements more polite or formal. e.g. A mistake was made.

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Tense

Subject

Verb

Object

Present Simple

Active:

Rita

writes

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

is written

by Rita.

Present Progressive

Active:

Rita

is writing

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

is being written

by Rita.

Present Perfect

Active:

Rita

has written

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

has been written

by Rita.

Past Simple

Active:

Rita

wrote

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

was written

by Rita.

Past Progressive

Active:

Rita

was writing

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

was being written

by Rita.

Past Perfect

Active:

Rita

had written

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

had been written

by Rita.

Future I

Active:

Rita

will write

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

will be written

by Rita.

Future II

Active:

Rita

will have written

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

will have been written

by Rita.

Modals

Active:

Rita

can write

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

can be written

by Rita.

Conditional I

Active:

Rita

would write

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

would be written

by Rita.

Conditional II

Active:

Rita

would have written

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

would have been written

by Rita.

Note: The present perfect continuous, the future continuous and the past perfect continuous are not normally used in the passive. In colloquial English, get is often used of be to express something happening by accident. e.g. John got hit by a taxi while he was cycling down the street.

  • When changing the sentence from the active into the passive: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive.

  • The active verb changes into a passive form.

  • The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent and is either introduced with the preposition by or omitted.

  • Only transitive verbs can be changed into passive: e.g. She wrote an article. An article is written by her. But: He lives in Almaty. ( the verb live is intransitive so the sentence cannot changed into the passive)

  • By + agent is used to say who or what did the action. e.g. The baby was rescued by a firefighter.

  • By + agent is omitted in the passive sentence when the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious. e.g. Someone has broken the lock. The lock has been broken.

  • With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to say what the agent used. e.g. The salad is made with tomatoes, cucumbers and anions.

  • Verbs which take two objects can have two passive forms. e.g. Sara told tom a secret. A secret was told to Tom. Tom was told a secret.

  • In the passive, the preposition that follows a verb is placed after the verb. e.g. Chris turned the radio on. The radio was turned on by Chris.

  • Let changes to be allowed to in the passive. e.g. Mum let us watch TV. We were allowed to watch TV.

Impersonal Passive

Use impersonal constructions for verbs without an object (intransitive verbs) to form passive sentences, e.g. he says – it is said

In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know). e.g. They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men. They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

 

Decide whether the following sentences are written in active or passive voice.

e.g. They listen to music.  Music is listened by them.

  1. She is reading an article.       

  2. These cars are produced in Japan.       

  3. John teaches English.       

  4. German is spoken in Austria.       

  5. Lots of houses were destroyed by the earthquake.       

  6. Henry Ford invented the assembly line.      

  7. The car driver was hurt.       

  8. You should open your workbooks.       

  9. Houses have been built every year.    

  10. Boys like to play football.       

Turn the verbs in the following sentences into the passive.

e.g. They speak English at this club. English is spoken at this club.

  1. Somebody stole his car.

  2. Jane and Robert have sent the books to the wrong address.

  3. Somebody will bring the beer.

  4. Mary has bought this fur coat.

  5. Somebody has left this umbrella behind.

  6. They haven't caught the robbers yet.

  7. I don't drink ice-cold beer in England.

  8. We eat a lot of fish.

  9. You drink tea with milk at least five times a day.

  10. They discuss the weather every day.

Rephrase the sentences in two ways, as in the example.

e.g. He gave Celia a bouquet of 25 roses. Celia was given a bouquet of 25 roses. A bouquet of 25 roses was given to Celia.

  1. Paula will send his curriculum vitae to several companiess.

  2. He has written her beautiful love letters.

  3. They showed me the new computer.

  4. The Smiths have paid her $300 up to now.

  5. My grandmother had told the children a beautiful story.

Rewrite the sentences in the passive where possible, as in the example.

e.g. Lisa cooked dinner. Dinner was cooked by Lisa. He didn’t go to work yesterday. It cannot be changed

  1. They build houses every year.

  2. Joanna left work at 5.00 p.m.

  3. Tom and his friends moved the heavy boxes.

  4. Teacher tested the students.

  5. We arrived at the airport yesterday.

Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

e.g. Who invented the internet? Who was the internet invented by?

  1. Many tourists visit London every year.

  2. The fire damaged our house.

  3. Where did you buy this book?

  4. Did you give her my present?

  5. My father sold our car.

  6. Who made a cake?

  7. The plumber is repairing her pipes now.

  8. We will open our shop next month.

  9. She took many photographs when she was in the USA.

  10. Will you decorate your flat?

Fill in the gaps with by or with.

e.g. The old woman was rescued _____ a firefighter. by

        1. The salad was made with vegetables.

        2. A secret was told _____ Helen.

        3. We were interviewed _____ the police.

        4. The wood is cut _____ an axe.

        5. The radio was turned _____ my brother.

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