1. Read and translate the text ferrous metals and steels

Ferrous metals consist of iron combined with carbon, silicon and other elements. But carbon is the most important element in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two forms: steel and cast iron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content.

Alloys consist of a simple metal combined with some other element. Steel is a ferrous material having some carbon content. There are two kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steels.

Carbon steel should contain only iron and carbon without any other alloying element.

Alloy steels are those in which in addition to carbon an alloying element is present. These alloying elements have an effect on the properties of steel. They increase its strength and hardness, for example, high percentage of chromium makes steel rust-resistant, and we call it "stainless steel".

Strength, ductility and machinability are the most important industrial and commercial properties of steel. Such properties as resistance to wear, electrical conductivity, and magnetic properties are important in special uses of metals.

According to their chemical and mechanical properties steels may be used in different branches of industry, for example, in machine building, rocket engineering, automobile industry, etc.

Translate and learn the new words:

1. ferrous metals

2. cast iron

3. carbon content

4. alloy steel

5. carbon steel

6. strength

7. hardness

8. ductility

9. machinability

10. resistance to wear

11. conductivity

12. iron

13. silicon

14. alloy

15. rust-resistant

Answer the questions:

1. What elements do ferrous metals consist of?

2. What is carbon steel?

3. What arc alloy steels?

4. What are the most important properties of steel?

5. In what branches of industry are steels used?

Fill in the gaps with suitable words:

1. Alloys consist of....

a) steel and cast iron b) iron and stainless steel c) simple metal and some other element

2. Carbon steel contains....

3. Alloy steels include....

a) steel and cast iron b) iron, carbon, an alloying element c) only iron and carbon

4. The most important properties of steel are....

a) electrical conductivity, resistance to wear, magnetic properties

b) strength, ductility, machinability

2.Grammar: Белгілі артикль the

Белгілі артикль the бір класқа тән заттардың бірін немесе бірнешеуін бөліп көрсетеді.

The book I bought yesterday was interesting. – Кеше мен сатып алған кітап қызықты болды. (бұл айтушы бір кластан бөліп алған заттың белгілісі)

Белгілі артикль the саналатын да, саналмайтын да зат есімдермен, жекеше және көпше түрдегі зат есімдермен қолданылады.

Мысалы: This is a book. The book is interesting. (жекеше түрдегі саналатын зат есім)

This is meat. The meat is fresh. (саналмайтын зат есім)

These are books. Тhe books are good. (көпше түр)

Егер сөз дауыссыз дыбыстан басталса, онда белгілі артикль the [ðә] болып айтылады.

Мысалы: Тhe table [ ðә teibl]

The book [ðә buk]

Егер сөз дауысты дыбыстан басталса, онда белгілі артикль the [ði:] болып айтылады.

Мысалы: The apple [ði: әе рl], the old man [ði: ould mәе n]

Белгілі артикль қолданылмайды:

а) қай зат туралы айтылғаны белгілі болса:

Open the door, please. I am going to the University.

б) жаратылысында жалғыз нәрсе немесе құбылыс туралы айтылса:

The moon is shining brightly.

в) егер зат есім алдында күшейтпелі шырайдағы сын есім тұрса:

This is the most interesting book.

г) in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the … сөз тіркестерінде.

Географиялық атаулар және артикль

Географиялық атаулармен әдетте артикль қолданылмайды. Артикль келесі жағдайларда қолданылады:

а) көл, өзен, мұхит, тау жотасы, арал топтары атауларымен белгілі артикль қолданылады: the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, the Thames, the British Isles.

б) белгілі артикль кейбір ел, облыс және қала атауларымен қолданылады: the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies

в) жанұяның жинақтау атауымен: The Petrovs – Петровы.

Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article where necessary.

1. He lives in___south of___Australia. 2. In his novels Jack London, ___ famous American writer, described___life of___poor. 3. It seemed to him that nothing would break such___peaceful silence. Suddenly there was___scream, then___second and___third. 4. Can you play___guitar? 5. He came in one morning when we were having___dinner on___terrace of___ hotel and introduced himself. 6.___world tour costs ___lot of money. 7. Did he fail you? What___surprise! 8. I don't believe you. I think you're telling ___lie. 9. Did you have___lovely time in___ Hague? 10. It was ___ early evening but I was feeling sleepy so I decided to have___nap. 11. He made___gross mistake.___ economists can't make such___mistakes. 12. Have___ look at the sky. It looks like___rain. 13. She'll have___ swim and return in___quarter of___hour. 14. I'll have to convince him that I'm telling___truth. 15. He wasn't used to driving on___left. 16.___Christmas Eve is on ___ 24th of December. 17. Don't worry, we'll get___home before___sunset. 18. I'd like to have ___ sandwich with___sausage for___breakfast. 19. My favourite subject at___school was___biology. 20. He knows___ history of___French Revolution well. 21. To tell___ truth, I didn't expect to find___ homeless man here. 22. It's___ high time you stopped being so selfish. 23.___earth goes round ___sun. 24. ___Lombard Street in___City of London is___centre of___banking in Great Britain. 25. ___Queen Elizabeth___II won't speak on___radio tomorrow. 26.___English Channel is between___Great Britain and___France. 27.___ Trafalgar Square is ___ geographical centre of ___ London. 28. When___student, Jane spent two years in ___Europe. 29. ___Pacific is___ largest ocean on our planet. 30. Have you ever been to___Museum of___ Fine Arts? 31. Show me ___ Bermudas on this map, please. 32.___Mississippi is___longest river in ___USA. 33. One of my classmates entered ___ Moscow State University last year. As for me, I chose___Higher School of___Economics. 34. ___Urals are old and not very high. 35. We are just taking___first steps into___ space. ___universe is still terra incognita for us.

Week 7

Tasks / Тапсырмалар:

1. Speak about: My flat

2. Grammar: Adjective. The degrees of comparison.

3. Presentation: “English-speaking countries”