Конструкция there is/ there are.

Оборотом there is/are начинаются предложения, сообщающие о наличии или существовании (или отсутствии) в определенном месте или отрезке времени лица или предмета (лиц, предметов), еще неизвестного собеседнику.

Предложение начинают оборотом there is/are, за которым следует существительное-подлежащее (с относящимися к нему словами), обозначающее название этого предмета или лица. Далее, как правило, следует обстоятельство места или времени.

There is/are + подлежащее + обстоятельство

Перевод таких предложений начинается с конца, с обстоятельства места или времени, выводя в конец предложения акцентируемый элемент фразы.

В этой конструкции формальное слово there не имеет смыслового значения и на русский язык не переводится.

В вопросительных предложениях глагол to be ставится перед there. Если глагол to be употреблен в сложной форме, то на первое место выносится вспомогательный глагол:

Is there a telephone in your room? - Есть ли телефон в вашей комнате?

Are there any letters for me? - Для меня есть письма?

Отрицательные предложения могут строиться при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая с to be всегда образует сокращенные формы isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, …

There aren’t any books in the desk.

На столе нет книг.

Урок 2

Text Drilling. Types of drilling (2часа)

Two drilling techniques have been available since people first began making holes in the ground: cable-tool drilling and rotary drilling. Both methods originated a long time ago. Over 2,000 years, for example, the Chinese drilled wells with primitive efficient cable-tool rigs. (They were still using similar rigs as late as the 1940s.) To quarry rocks for the pyramids, the ancient Egyptians drilled holes using hand-powered rotating. They drilled several holes in a line and stuck dry wooden in the holes.

CABLE-TOOL DRILLING

Colonel Drake and Uncle Billy used a steam-powered cable-gig to drill the Oil Creek site. Early drillers in California and other parts of the world also used cable-tool rigs.

A cable-tool rig (fig. 1) worked much like a seesaw. Of course, cable-tool rigs had more parts and, instead of a seesaw, a cable tool had a powered walking beam mounted in a derrick. At Drake's rig, a 6-horsepower (4.5-watt) steamboat engine powered the walking beam (fig. 2). The walking beam was a wooden bar that rocked up and down on a central pivot, much like a seesaw. The derrick provided a space to raise the cable and pull the long drilling tools out of the hole. As the beam rocked up it raised the cable and attached chisel, or bit. Then, when the walking beam rocked down, heavy weights, sinker bars, above the bit provided weight to ram it into the ground. The bit punched its way into the rock. Repeated lifting and dropping made the bit drill. Special equipment played out the cable as the hole deepened.

New vocabulary

drilling techniques – буровая техника

available – доступный

to make holes – делать скважины

cable-tool drilling – кабельное бурение

rotary drilling – роторное бурение

to quarry rocks – добывать породы

Colonel – полковник

walking beam – вращающаяся балка

derrick - вышка

ROTARY DRILLING

Rotary drilling is quite different from cable-tool drilling. For one thing, a rotary rig uses a bit that isn't anything like a cable-tool's chisel bit. Instead of a chisel, a rotary bit has rows of teeth or other types of cutting devices that penetrate the formation and then scrape or gouge out pieces of it as the rig system rotates the bit (fig. 1). Further, a rotary rig doesn't use cable to suspend the bit in the hole. Rotary crewmembers attach the bit to the end of a long string of hollow pipe. By screwing together several joints of pipe, they put the bit on the bottom of the hole (fig. 2). As the hole deepens, they add joints of pipe (fig. 3).

Rotating Systems

With the bit on bottom, the rig can rotate it in one of three ways. Many rigs use a machine called a "rotary table," a sort of heavy-duty turntable. Others rotate the bit with a top drive, a device with a powerful built-in electric motor that turns the pipe and bit . And, in special cases, a slim downhole motor