Функции инфинитива

Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие: to work – работать, to drill – бурить.

Формальным признаком является частица to. После модальных и вспомогательных глаголов частица to отсутствует.

Функции инфинитива

Функция	Пример	Перевод
1. Подлежащее (обычно перед таким инфинитивом ставят it) 2. Дополнение 3. Определение 4. Обстоятельство цели или следствия 5. Часть сложного дополнения 6. Часть сложного подлежащего	It is dangerous to lean out of the window. We decided to wait for her. Her wish to win was quite natural. I went to London to learn English. I heard someone open the door. She is known to have a fine collection of paintings.	Высовывать голову в окно (поезда) опасно. Мы решили подождать ее. Ее желание выиграть было вполне естественным. Я поехал в Лондон, чтобы изучить английский язык. Я слышала, как кто-то открыл дверь. Известно, что она владеет прекрасной коллекцией живописи.

Урок 6

People and companies.

PEOPLE

While it is true that you can't drill a well without a drilling rig and several companies to back up the rig, it is equally true that you can't drill a well without skilled people. Personnel run the rig and keep it running until the well reaches its objective. Many people are involved in drilling. Let's cover the drilling crew first—the group whose job it is to make the rig drill.

Drilling Crews

The contractor requires trained and skilled personnel to operate and maintain a drilling rig. Keep in mind that a rig, when on site and drilling, operates virtually all the time, night and day, 365 days a year. Personnel directly responsible for making the rig drill are collectively known as the "drilling crew.

The person in charge of the drilling crew, the top hand, I may be called the "rig manager," "rig superintendent," or I "toolpusher," depending on the drilling contractor's prefer-ence. Besides the rig manager, or superintendent, each rig has I drillers, derrichnen, and rotary helpers (also called "floorhands," or "roughnecks").What's more, large land rigs and offshore rigs often have assistant rig supervisors, assistant drillers, as well as additional personnel who perform special fiinctions par­ticular to the rig.

Rig Superintendent and Assistant Rig Superintendent

The rig superintendent (rig manager or toolpusher) oversees the drilling crews that work on the rig floor, supervises drilling operations, and coordinates operating company and contractor affairs) On land rigs, the rig superintendent is usually headquartered in a mobile home or a portable build­ing at the rig site and is on call at all times. Offshore, the rig superintendent has an office and sleeping quarters on the rig, and is also on call at all times. Because offshore drilling and large land drilling operations can be very critical, the contrac­tor may hire an assistant rig superintendent. The assistant rig superintendent often relieves the superintendent during night­time hours and is thus sometimes nicknamed the "night toolpusher."

A PRIMER OF OILWELL DRILLING

Driller and Assistant Driller

The rig superintendent supervises the driller, who, in turn, supervises the derrickman arfd the rotary helpers From a control console or an operating cabin on the rig floor, the driller manipulates the controls that keep the drilling opera­tion under way (fig. 43). This person is directly responsible for drilling the hole?Most offshore rigs and large land rigs, especially those working outside the U.S., also have an assis­tant driller. The assistant driller aids the driller on the rig floor and helps the driller supervise the derrickman and the rotary helpers.

Derrickman

A few of the latest rigs feature automated pipe-handling equipment that takes over the duties of the derrickman Мost rigs, however, require a derrickman when crew members run drill pipe into the hole (when they trip in), or when they pull pipe out of the hole (when they trip out). The derrickman handles the upper end of the pipe from the monkeyboard (fig. 44). The monkeyboard is a small platform in the mast or derrick on which the derrickman stands to handle the upper end of the pipe. The contractor mounts the monkeyboard in the mast or derrick at a height ranging from about 50 to 110 feet (15 to 34 metres), depending on the length of the joints of pipe crew members pull from the hole. The derrickman uses special safety equipment to prevent falls.

In addition, the derrickman has an escape device, a Geronimo, or a Tinkerbellline, so that he or she can quickly exit the monkeyboard in an emergency. (Geronimo was a Chiricahua Apache who eluded the Army for many years in the American southwest in the late 1800s. For some reason, World War II paratroopers sometimes yelled his name when they jumped out of airplanes. Tinkerbell is a fictitious flying character from the children's novel Peter Pan.) In any case, if the derrickman has to get out of the derrick or mast quickly, he or she grasps a handle on the Geronimo and rides it down on a special cable, or line, to the ground. The derrickman controls the rate of descent by moving the handle to increase or decrease braking action on the line.

When the bit is drilling and the pipe is in the hole, the derrickman, using a built-in ladder in the derrick or mast for normal descent, climbs down from the monkeyboard and works at ground level. When not in the derrick or mast, derrickmen monitor the condition of the drilling mud (fig. 45). They make sure it meets the specifications for drilling a particu­lar part of the hole.

Rotary Helpers (Floorhands)

Depending on the size of the rig, its equipment, and other factors, a contractor usually hires two or three rotary helpers or floorhands, for each work shift. On small rigs drilling shallow wells, for example, two rotary helpers on a shift can safely and efficiently perform the required duties.

Units of measurement.

Throughout the world, two systems of measurement dominate: the English system and the metric system. Today, the United States is almost the only country that employs the English system.

The English system uses the pound as the unit of weight, the foot as the unit of length, and the gallon as the unit of capacity. In the English system, for example, 1 foot equals 12 inches, 1 yard equals 36 belies, and 1 mile equals 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards.

The metric system uses the gram as the unit of weight, the metre is the unit of length, and the litre as the unit of capacity. In the metric system, for example, 1 metre equals 10 decimetres, 100 centimetres, or 1,000 millimetres. A kilometre equals 1,000 metres. The metric system, alike the English system, uses a base of 10; thus, it is easy to convert from one unit to another. To convert from one unit to another in the lish system, you must memorize or look up the values.

English-Units-to-SI-Units Conversion Factors

Quantity or Property	English Units	Multiply English units by	To obtain these SI units
Length, depth, or height	Inches (in.) Feet (ft) Yards (yd) Miles (mi)	25.4 2.54 0.3048 0.9144 1609.344 1.61	millimeters (mm) centimeters (cm) metres (m) metres (m) metres (m) kilometers (km)
Hole and pipe diameters, bit size	Inches (in.)	25.4	millimeters (mm)
Drilling rate	Feet per hour (ft/h)	0.3048	metres per hour (m/h)
Volume	Barrels (bbl)	0.159 159	Cubic metres (m3) Litres (l)
Pressure	Pounds per square inch (psi)	6.895 0.006895	Kilopascals (kPa) Megapascals (MPa)
Temperature	Degrees Fahrenheit (F)	F-32/1.8	Degrees Celsius (C)
Mass (weight)	Pounds (lb) Tons (tn)	453.59 0.4536 0.9072	Grams (g) Kilograms (kg) Tonnes (t)
Power	Horsepower (hp)	0.7	Kilowatts (kW)
Area	Square Inches (in.2) Square Feet (ft2) Square Yards (yd2) Square Miles (mi2)	6.45 0.0929 0.8361 2.59	Square centimeters (cm2) Square metres (m2) Square metres (m2) Square kilometers (km2)