2. Answer the following questions to check how well you have read the text:

   1. What does the term “state” imply?

   2. What is the difference between the Greek and the Roman ideas of the state?

   3. Speak of the modern concept of the state that emerged in the 16th century. Try to compare different points of view.

   4. How did the 17th century reformers reexamine the origins and pur­poses of the state?

   5. How did Hegel develop the idea of freedom in the state?

   6. What changes did the concept of state undergo throughout the 20th century?

   7. In which way did Kelsen and Ichazo treat the idea of universal in­ternationalism?

3. Complete the sentences:

Aristotle held that	from anarchism to the wel­fare state.
Hans Kelsen thought that	the state was the culmination of moral action, where free­dom of choice had led to the unity of the rational will.
Bodin believed that	the “natural condition” of man is self-seeking and competitive.
Rousseau proposed that	rule should comply with mo­rality to be durable.
Hobbes states that	the state owed its authority to the general will of the gov­erned.
Locke said that	the city-state was the means of developing morality in the human character.

Module VI text one

Read the text and translate it in writing.

Governmental Structures

The study of governmental structures must be approached with great caution, for political systems having the same kind of legal arrangements and using the same type of governmental machinery often function very differently. A parliament, for example, may be an important and effective part of a political system, or it may be no more than an institutional facade of little practical significance. A constitution may provide the framework within which the political life of a state is conducted, or it may be no more than a piece of paper, its provisions bearing almost no relationship to the facts of political life. Political systems must never be classified in terms of their legal structures alone: the fact that two states have similar constitutions with similar institutional provisions and legal requirements should never, by itself, lead to the conclusion that they represent the same type of political system.

To be useful, the study of governmental structures must always proceed hand in hand with an investigation of the actual facts of the political process: the analyst must exercise the greatest care in distinguishing between form and reality and between prescription and practice. Approached in this way, an examination of the organizational arrangements that governments use for making decisions and exercising power can be a valuable tool of political inquiry.