- •Английский язык для студентов экономических факультетов университетов
- •Авторский коллектив: г. И. Коротких, Гал. И. Коротких, н. Э. Бирман, о. А. Гизатулина, о. В. Калиш, н. В. Тунева
- •Предисловие
- •Методические рекомендации по изучению английского языка студентами-экономистами
- •1. Цели и задачи курса
- •2. Чтение как основное коммуникативное умение
- •3. Форма и смысл грамматической конструкции
- •I wanted him to explain the term macroeconomics.
- •I saw him pay by credit card.
- •It was supposed that he would write an article on
- •4. Единицы несоответствия в английском и русском языках
- •5. Методика работы над текстом
- •6. Британский или американский английский?
- •Text a The English We Learn
- •Грамматический обзор 1
- •Утверждения (statements)
- •Общие вопросы (general questions)
- •Специальные вопросы (special questions)
- •Грамматический обзор 2
- •2 ) Have has/ has got/ have/ have got Present Simple Tense
- •Примечания:
- •Expressing Agreement and Disagreement
- •Greetings and Introductions
- •Introductory Note
- •Text b
- •International words.
- •Varieties of English
- •Young Britons avoid learning languages
- •Culture and intercultural communication
- •British and American English
- •Independent reading:
- •Text a The Subject-matter of Economics
- •General questions (общие вопросы)
- •Short answers (краткие ответы)
- •Full answers (полные ответы)
- •Special questions (специальные вопросы)
- •Грамматический обзор 2
- •Likes and Dislikes
- •Preferences
- •Грамматический обзор 4
- •1. Working in pairs discuss the following questions under the headings I – III.
- •2. Give a talk in class on the topic “The Subject-matter of
- •I. Economics and Society
- •II. The subject-matter of economics
- •III. Economic systems
- •Text b University Life in Russia and in Great Britain
- •1) Facilities for studies at your university,
- •2) Subjects you consider to be the most important for
- •3) An ideal curriculum for a faculty of economics.
- •Project work 1
- •Project work 2
- •Independent reading
- •Colleges and University Colleges in the usa
- •A Student in Economics
- •Independent reading:
- •1. Study carefully the meanings of the following words and phrases in bold type from text a to avoid any difficulty in understanding.
- •Passive Voice
- •Ruined Holiday
- •Грамматический обзор 2
- •Grammar in context: Student profile
- •Text b global brands
- •Грамматический обзор 3 Read grammar guide 3 for practicing and developing study skills to cope with difficulties of reading English grammar textbooks.
- •Grammar in context Present simple and present continuous
- •Making Requests
- •Refusing a Request
- •Accepting a Request
- •Expressing Personal Opinions or Personal Points of View
- •Study Notes on Developing Reading Skills
- •1. Previewing.
- •2. Highlighting.
- •3. Annotating.
- •Independent reading
- •Consumerism as an unfortunate by-product of global market economy
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •New terms from the last global recession
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Advertising
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Figures, numbers and calculations
- •1. Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
- •1. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Choose English equivalents from the box below
- •2. Calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
- •3. Vulgar Fractions (AmE - Common Fractions)
- •4. Decimal Fractions (Decimals)
- •6. Sums of Money
- •Numerical, statistical or graphical data
- •In economics
- •Text a Statistics and Econometrics
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Text b Tabular and graphical data (Reading for vocabulary building)
- •T here are different types of diagrams:
- •Introductory Note
- •Economy of the United States (Reading for statistical and numerical data)
- •Some advice on describing (orally or in writing) diagrams/charts/graphs
- •Independent reading
- •Table of numerical data (the first has been filled in for you)
- •Phrase bank
- •Travelling to Work in Britain (Presenting a survey results)
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Independent reading:
- •Text a Central Banks and Monetary Policy
- •The Infinitive
- •Функции инфинитива:
- •Grammar in context Gerund or infinitive?
- •Text b Bank Accounts and Cheques
- •Study Notes on Summary Writing
- •Credit cards
- •Vocabular notes
- •Checklist for writing a summary (based on the article Credit Cards)
- •Independent reading
- •Introduction
- •A General History of Money
- •1. Barter exchange and commodity money
- •2. Coins and Paper Money
- •3. Fiat Money
- •4. Fiat Money – Toilet Paper Money
- •Money and Banking (a short historical survey)
- •Vocabulary notes
- •I. Changing the way the pound is measured.
- •Independent reading
- •Text a Company Share Capital
- •Word formation and vocabulary building practice
- •1. Synthetical forms
- •2. The Past Perfect Subjunctive (эта форма омонимична The Past Perfect Tense)
- •3. Analytical forms
- •Grammar in context 1 First and second conditional
- •Grammar in context 2 The third conditional
- •I will return your book on economics I have read it.
- •1. In what way is ownership in a company certified? What do you call people who own shares and stocks?
- •Reading for professional vocabulary text b
- •Text b Business Organizations and Stock Markets
- •Translate into English making use if prompts in the box Рынки сырьевых товаров
- •Asian Crisis Affects Latin American Markets
- •Independent reading
- •Nouriel Roubini: The Economist Who Foresaw the Global Financial Crisis
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Introduction
- •1. Market instability
- •3. The housing market declined
- •4. The credit well dried up
- •5. The Economic bailout is designed to increase the flow of credit
- •Taxation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Статистика по переводам (xtr, сп и pe) :
- •Contents
Грамматический обзор 2
There are three main TENSES in English – Simple Present, Simple Past and Simple Future. By TENSES we understand the relationship between the form of the verb and our concept of time (present, past or future). Each TENSE form can be combined with one of the ASPECT forms or with both. ASPECT expresses the manner in which a verbal action is regarded, for example, as COMPLETE (perfective aspect) or IN PROGRESS (progressive/continuous aspect). This grammar section gives a simple but thorough explanation of the perfect tenses.
Глагол в Present Perfect обозначает действие, предшествующее моменту речи и связанное с этим моментом в виде какого-то результата или в виде указания на период времени, который еще не закончился. Present Perfect Active образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в Simple Present (have/has) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (V3).
John has travelled around the world. |
Джон много путешествовал. |
(Мы точно не знаем "когда", но то, что он знает многое о мире, подразумевается как "результат" – само действие и его влияние на настоящий момент важнее, чем время совершения действия).
I have lived in this town since 1981. |
Я живу в этом городе с 1981 года. |
("Жил" и "все еще живу " – указанный период времени еще не закончился, глагол русского предложения стоит в настоящем времени.)
Present Perfect употребляется очень часто с наречиями неопределенного времени:
never – никогда, ever – когда-нибудь (в вопросах)
just – только что
yet – еще не (в вопросительных и отрицательных
предложениях)
already – уже
lately – за последнее время
since – с тех пор как
1. The researchers have already recorded the results of the experiment. |
1. Исследователи уже зарегистрировали результаты эксперимента. |
2. Have you ever travelled abroad? |
2. Вы когда-нибудь путешествовали за границей? |
3. We haven't written our report yet. |
3. Мы еще не написали доклад. |
4. Has the postman been yet? |
4. Почтальон уже приходил/уже был?
|
Present Perfect не употребляется с обстоятельствами, указывающими на точное время в прошлом: yesterday, two days ago, in 1981.
Глагол в Present Perfect Active переводится на русский язык глаголом прошедшего времени совершенного вида, а если действие еще не закончено, то глаголом в настоящем времени.
Present Perfect Passive образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в Present Perfect (has/have been) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (V3) – e.g. has/have been written.
Глагол в Past Perfect обозначает действие, законченное к определенному моменту в прошлом или до начала другого действия в прошлом.
The student had gone to the library before he went home. |
Студент сходил в библиотеку до того, как он пошел домой. |
Past Perfect Active образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени (had) и Past Participle (Vз) смыслового глагола. На русский язык Past Perfect Active переводится глаголом прошедшего времени совершенного вида.
Past Perfect Passive образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в Past Perfect (had been) и Past Participle (Vз) смыслового глагола:
e.g. The article had been written before the experiments were completed. (Если нет указания на производителя действия, то
предложение в Past Perfect Passive переводится как неопределенно-
личное предложение со сказуемым в прошедшем времени. "Статью
написали до того, как опыты завершились").
Помните: с союзами BEFORE и UNTIL употребление Past Perfect делает особый акцент на завершенности или предшествовании действия.
e.g. Before she got home he had cooked the dinner. – Он приготовил
обед до того, как она пришла домой.
e.g. Before she had got home he cooked the dinner – Прежде чем она
пришла домой, он приготовил обед.
Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Past or the Present Perfect.
1. The American automobile designer and manufacturer Henry
Ford (found) the company about one hundred years ago.
2. Last week the company (announce) a drop in profits.
3. How many jobs (have) you since you left school?
4 I (use) a photocopier to make six copies of the contract.
5. Profits in the second quarter (fall) by 50 %.
6. When you (apply) for the job?
7. I am tired. I (interview) 12 candidates for the job this morning.
8. (Type) she the letter yet? – No, she (have). – When you (give) her
the letter to type?
9. The manager was away yesterday. He (not discuss) this problem
with the chairman.
10. He already (borrow) the money from the bank.
11. So far this year profits (fall) by 24 %.
12. This bank (allocate) $5,000 to promotion for Figure Skating
Championship in 2006.
13. Both computer companies (begin) to make word processing software
two years ago. They (invest) £10 million in this business so far.
14. (Work) you ever with statistics? No, I am not a statistician. I (not like) statistics when I (be) at the University.
15. I (look through) the advertisements in the newspaper, but all of
them offer goods and services I don’t need.
16. (Pay) he his loan with very high interest? – I don’t know exactly. It
seems to me it is about 10 %.
17. Jeans sales (go up) in Russia.
18. Last year several private companies (apply) to the bank for credit,
but they (be refused) loans.
19. When you (decide) to place your money on deposit in this bank?
20. You (be dismissed) ever from a job?
Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Past or the Past Perfect.
1. By the time he (arrive) we (prepare) all the necessary documents
for signing.
2. Although I (study) French for two years, I still (cannot say) much
on holiday in France last summer.
3. Until yesterday I (be) not sure if they (be picked up) at the airport
by the tour company.
4. They (tell) me last week that he (be given) a pay raise/ rise.
5. We (book) the holiday before we (realize) there was an air
traffic controllers’ strike.
6. We (see) on the news yesterday that he (win) the election.
7. Why you (not tell) me that he (phone)?