- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
The visual pathways
Are the pathways from the retinae to the visual cortex. After nerve impulses leave the retinae thay pass backward through the optic nerves. At the optic chiasma all the firbers of the retinae cross to the opposite side, where they join the fibers from the opposite temporal retinae to form the optic tracts. The fibers of each optic tract synapse in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and from here the geniculo calcarine fibers pass by way of the optic radiation, or geniculo-calcarine tract, to the primary visual cortex in the calcarine area of occipital lobe.
Olfactory (smell) analizator
It is a sensory modality mediated by chemoreceptors of olfactory mucosa.
Primary sensations of smell:
Camphoraceous.
Ethereal.
Floral.
Musky.
Pepperminty.
Pungent.
Putrid.
Olfactory membrane or mucosa lies in superior part of each nostril. Medially it folds downwards over surface of septum and laterally it folds over superior turbinate.
Olfactory cells:
These are receptor cells for smell sensation.
Mucosal end of each olfactory cell forms a knob from which 6-12 olfactory hairs or cilia project into mucus that coats inner surface of nasal cavity.
Cilia react to odors in air and stimulate olfactory nerve.
Glands of Bowman are also present among olfactory cells. They secrete mucus.
Odorants (smell-producing substances) have 3 characteristics:
Substance must be volatile - so that it can be sniffed into the nostrils.
Substance must be water soluble - so that it can pass through mucus to olfactory cells.
Substance must be lipid soluble – so that it can penetrate lipid bilayer of olfactory cells to stimulate them.
Olfactory adaptation – olfactory sensation decreases very rapidly with continual exposure to an odorant. Nerve fibers from olfactory region of brain pass backward along olfactory tract of inhibitory granule cells of olfactory bulb, which causes olfactory adaptation.
2 Main theories of smell:
Physical theory – according to this theory, physical shapes of odorant molecules determine which olfactory cell will be stimulated.
Chemical theory – odorant molecules bind chemically to specific protein receptors in membrane of olfactory cilia and increase permeability of olfactory ciliary membrane so, receptor potential in olfactory cells is excited and action potential (impulse) is produced in olfactory nerve fiber. So, main factor is stereochemistry of smell substances. This is space accordance of smell substances to receptor locuses shape on surface membrane of olfactory microvilli.
Olfactory cells are primary sensor cells. They send axones into brain from their basal pole. These fibers forme thick fibers (olfactory fibers) under sensor epithelium coming to olfactory bulb. There occurs primary processing of sensor information. Bulb generates rhythmic potentials. Axones of cells compose olfactory tract directly or indirectly transmitting olfactory sygnals into many braci regions particularly into olfactory bulb of opposite side in structures located into subcortical structures of anterior brain, limbic brain, hypothalamus.