- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
Leucopoiesis regulation.
Like erythropoiesis regulation it can be performed both specific and non-specific ways. Specific way – is leucopoietines action (they are produced into liver, spleen, thymus, kidneys). Their action mechanism is in involving into bone marrow cells differentiation process. Non-specific way – is:
vitamines action (especially of groups “B12” and “C”);
hormones:
ACTH;
thyroid;
sexual;
microelements;
leucocytes, tissues, toxins, microbes metabolic products have special importance for leucopoiesis regulation. The more leucocytes are destroyed, the more new forms are formed.
Blood groups.
Membranes antigenic features (particularly erythrocytic) underlie individual blood group characteristic. These antigenes have received the name agglutinogenes. One can differentiate antigenes “A” and “B”. Their amount is large on the surface and it depends on agglutinogene type. “A1” contains approximately 900000-1700000; “A2”- 250000-260000. Their distribution on blood groups in ABO-system is the following: I-0, II-A, III-B and IV-AB. Besides agglutinogenes, in plasma or serum there are also agglutinines (antibodies). They are designated by letters α- and β-. Blood of one individual can not have similar agglutinogenes and agglutinines. There are also haemolysines in plasma and serum (they are designated like agglutinines). One can see conflict at blood haemotransfusions at meeting of one-named agglutinogenes and haemolysines (they act at 37-40°C). At room temperature, if one-named agglutinogenes and agglutinines meet each other agglutination reaction occurs –the criterium of group characteristic. There are also antiagglutinines in blood of II, III and IVth groups. These are agglutinogenes which left erythrocytes. They are designated as “A” and “B”.
High resistance to temperature, blood preservation terms are the characteristic of all agglutinogenes. That’s why they contain practrically in all tissues of given organism and its fluids. That’s why agglutinogenes content is essential to be known, when blood is received from donor with its further usage for transmission. On the contrary, agglutinines are unstable comparatively to agglutinogenes and they are easily destroyed while contact with side surface, while temperature changing. That’s why they are not important in donor blood, but their determining is quite essential in recipient blood.
Rhesus-system was discovered in the middle of last century. 85 per cent of people has agglutinogene of this system (Rh-rhesus) and these people are called rhesus-positive. 15 per cent of people have no this antigene ans correspondingly they are known as rhesus-negative. Rh-system is rather complicated, it includes more than 40 antigenes. They don’t have one-named agglutinines, but the latest can appear in recipient blood in course of multiple transmission of Rh+ - blood to them. This factor is inherited. That’s why it is important in obstetrics. If woman is Rh- ad man Rh+, then embryo approximately in 100 per cent of cases will inherit Rh-factor from father. It may result in Rh-conflict.
Other antigene systems are more seldom (Luteran, Daffi, Kell-Kellano, MNS et al.). Scientists tell nowadays about 500 antigenes only on erythrocytic membrane. If to add others to them, then their amount will predominate number of all residents on the Earth. With other worlds, every person has his or her own blood group, that is quite essential to know and to use in clinical practice.
Blood groups systems knowledge importance for doctors.
Problem delt with blood transmission. We should perform it very seldom if we really wonder to help our patient. Blood transmission can hurt more! If it is necessary we should follow such rules as:
donor environment must corresponds to recipient environment (agglutinogenes should be taken into account in donors, agglutinines – in recipients);
to determine Rh-characteristic always;
if it is possible – other blood group sytems;
to determine always blood compatibility and to transmit only one-grouped blood!
Remember! Universal donors and recipients are absent!!!
Problems delt with tissues compatibility at organs and tissues transplantation.
Problems linked with paternity (MNS-system).
There are some data about correlation between blood groups and disease.
About correlation with temperamentum.
About such interrelations with feeding.
With physical loadings.
All the mentioned above can be taken into account in course of individual approach not only to his patient but also to himself. As blood determines our soul than the best soul affinity – is the same blood group! It was not occasionally observed that the most happiest marriages are among people with 1 blood group!!!