- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
Heart and vessels work in complicated functional interrelations. Besides, heart has its own (myogenic) regulative mechanisms. One of them – heterometric – is performed as answer to myocardium fibres length change (Starling’s law). Such cardiac regulative mechanism can provide circulatory insufficiency compensation and its anomalies. It is characterized by very high sensitivity. It may be observed at introduction of 1-2 % of all circulating blood mass in magistral veins.
Second myogenic regulative mechanism type is homeometric. Myocardial fibres ending dyastolic stretching degree is not important for its realizing. The most important is correlation between cardiac contractions and aortal pressure (Anrep’s effect): aortal pressure increasing causes initial heart systolic volume decreasing and then – heart contractions force increasing and cardiac discharge stabilizing at new contractions level.
Thus, heart activity myogenic regulational mechanisms may permit its contraction significant changes.
Besides, heart has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation like vessels. At tone dominance of one of them heart and vessels activity will be different.
Efferent nerves tone support is provided by cardiac-vascular regulation center. Heart-vascular regulative center – is a rather complicated structure in which dominant importance has its “working” part, located in medulla oblongata. It was there where neurons are located from which excitement are transmitted on effector ways (parasympathetic and sympathetic) while reaching heart and vessels. That’s why their reflectory regulation is always performed simultaneousely. When sympathetic nervous system tone is dominant (hypersympaticotony) than heart activity is increased:
its contraction freaquency is rised up – positive chronotropic effect;
contraction force is increased – positive inotropic effect;
excitability is increased – positive bathmotropic effect;
conductance is rised up - positive dromotropic effect;
tone is increased – positive tonotropic effect.
At hyperparasympatheticotony – on the contrary, all mentioned effects will be negative.
Vascular tone will be changed too: in the first case – to increase, in the second – to decrease. It will influence on size of their filling with blood and arterial pressure.
“Working” part of heart-vascular regulation center consists of 2 parts:
pressor – its irritation causes vasoconstriction;
depressor – its irritation causes vasodilatation.
These parts of “working” center receives the information from different receptor groups located in heart, vessels and out of blood circulation system.
That’s why while characterizing blood circulation system reflectory regulative mechanism one can differentiate 2 reflexes types: proper and conjugated.
Proper reflexes – are such acts occuring in the structures of a given system and realizing in it. Such receptive zones in blood circulation system are vascular presso- and chemoreceptive zones. Special place in this reflectory group has sino-carotid zone. Reflectory act from carotid zone pressoreceptors is called as sino-carotid reflex (Chermak’s reflex). This reflectory act is performed at blood pressure increasing in a given zone. Pressoreceptors irritation leads to nervous impuls occurence, further coming through sino-carotid nerve in medulla oblongata where it passes on vessel-motor depressor part. From depressor part information is switched to sympathetic nervous system through inhibiting reticular neurons and through exciting reticular neuron – to parasympathetic part of this system and through efferent fibres - to heart and vessels smooth muscles. As the result of parasympathetic nervous system tone predominance both heart and vessels work is decreased (heart contractions freaquency and force, systolic volume size, blood pressure are decreased).
Another blood circulation system proper reflex type are chemoreflexes from same vessels zones. They answer to blood chemical content change, for example, CO2 excess in blood. Reflectory arch of such reflex is a very similar to sino-carotid reflex reflectory arch but information comes to pressor part of heart-vascular regulation center. Then information through exciting reticular neurons come to synaptic, through inhibiting – to parasympathetic part of autonomic nervous system. Result: hypersympatheticotony and further heart activity enforcement and vascular tone increasing (heart contractions freaquency and force, systolic volume size, blood pressure are increased). CO2 is more effectively removed from organism due to such mechanism.
Conjugated reflexes – reflectory acts that are originated from different receptive groups located out of blood system boundaries. As it is known, there are many such zones in organism but according to receptors classification one can differentiate 3 types of such reflexes:
1) Proprioreceptive – are originated from supporting-moving apparatus receptors for instance in course of physical activity. From these receptors (they are localized in muscles, tendons, ligaments) the information occuring in them comes to heart-vascular regulation center pressor part that leads to heart and vessels activity enforcement (see above the mechanism). Pulse freaquency and blood pressure increasing in course of physical training is explained by this (probe with physical activity).
Reflexes of localization are too closely to these reflexes. One of them is known as orthostatic probe: one determine pulse freaquency and blood pressure in investigated person while his lying on the bed. Then the investigated person must be gradually putted into vertical state and the measurements are repeated. Under norma these indexes are increased in course of orthostatic probe. The explanation: information flow from proprioreceptors (while someone’s staying muscles, joints, ligaments are tensed) is increased in spine. Then information goes to medulla oblongata, to pressor part of heart-vascular regulation center. Clinosthatic probe is the directly opposing to the previous probe: the investigated person is gradually putted from vertical to horizontal status. The information from proprioreceptors is significantly decreased and depressor part of regulative center became dominant that leads to pulse and pressure reducing.
2) Interoreceptive – are connected with different inner organs activity. Everyone knows very well that heart and vessels activity is always changed in course of respiration, digestion, excretion changings. For example, if one presses on epigastrial region (epigastrial reflex) it’s accompanied by vessels hypotony, blood pressure and heart freaquency reducing. Mechanism: at peritoneum receptors irritation (that occurs at pressure to epigastral region) information finally reaches depressor center and then to heart, vessels leading to their function decreasing or even stoppage. That’s why fights are so dangerous because they may be accompanied by shocks to epigastrial region and in the most horrible cases even to instant (moment) death.
3)Extero-receptive conjugated reflexes are multiple nervous acts group occuring at the irritation of body surface and mucosae separate receptive fields. Example: ocular-heart reflex (Danini-Ashner’s reflex): at pressure to eyeballs information comes to depressor centre. Result: heart contraction freaquency and blood pressure decreasing.
One knows very well vascular reactions to warmth (dilatation), coldness (constriction), pain (moderate pain leads to vasodilatation, strong – to constriction), touching (especially of lovely person). Due to separate points irritation (acupuncture points) on skin surface one can achieve definite success in heart activity and vessels tone regulation that is widely used in clinical practice particularly in facial-maxillary region (at neurites, myosites, myalgias et al.).