- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
Humoral-chemical regulation
of heart and vessels activity is determined by hormones, mediators and different chemical substances (metabolites) action.
Substances increasing heart and vessels activity:
Hormones:
adrenaline;
noradrenaline;
vasopressine;
thyroxine;
insuline;
renine et al.
Mediators:
noradrenaline;
serotonine and others.
Metabolites:
calcium excess;
oxygen excess.
Substances decreasing heart and vessels activity:
acethylcholine;
hystamine;
many prostaglandines (f.ex. prostacycline);
acids (lactic et al.);
CO2 surplus (excess).
Acid products (lactic acid, CO2) accumulating in course of physical activity decrease tone of working muscles blood vessels increasing blood supply to them. At this time magistral vessels are in increased tone due to adrenaline and noradrenaline concentration increasing in answer to load. Such tone redistribution in different vessels of blood circulation system provides high reliability of a given system functionning.
Thus, we see that heart-vascular activity regulation is a complicated process in what both reflectory (conditioned and unconditioned) and humoral-chemical mechanisms take part.
How and in what sequence these mechanisms are switched on under physiological conditions for instance in course of physical work? At this activity type increased oxygen consumption and enforced carbon dioxide releasing occurs. It may be achieved due to increased activity not only of respiration system but also blood circulation apparatus. Describe the consequence of switching of all these regulatory mechanisms on. At the early beginning, in the period of preparation to work the blood circulation system activity is increased by means of 2 mechanisms: conditioned-reflectory and humoral. Conditioned-reflectory – the situation itself before physical activity (sportsmen before running) is conditioned stimuli complex (in example with sportsman these are running way, stadium, spectators, referees and so on) which will cause the changes from the side of heart and vessels. Emotional load at this is a reason of enforced adrenaline releasing from suprarenal glands. The result of this is more expressed increasing of heart and vessels activity. Organism prepares given (cardiac-vascular) system to future wok in such a way.
In course of performing of physical activity itself conjugated reflexes from proprioreceptors, proper reflexes from chemoreceptors (metabolism products accumulation and first of all CO2) are involved into regulation and hormones (adrenaline, vasopressine et al.) continue to be released. All these factors encourage further heart and vessels activity increasing. At the same time in working organs (muscles) acid products are accumulated, decreasing vessels tone in these organs and blood fills them in more extent providing feeding and removal of metabolism exchange.
After physical activity performing everything came ito its initial level due to involvement ito the work proper receptors from pressoreceptors directed to heart and vessels activity restriction (restoration).