- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
Respiration regulation is performed by means of reflectory reactions occuring as a result of excitement of specific receptors located in lung tissue, vascular reflexogenic zones and other regions. Respiration regulation central apparatus are the structures of:
spine;
medulla oblongata;
hypothalamus;
brain hemispheres.
Main function of respiration management is performed by stem repiratory neurons which transmit rhythmic sygnals into spine to respiratory muscles motoneurons.
Respiratory nervous center – is central nervous system neurons integrity providing respiratory muscles co-ordinated rhythmical activity and external respiration constant adaptation to changing conditions inside organism and in environment. Main (working) part of respiratory nervous center is located in medulla oblongata. One can differentiate 2 parts in it: inspiratory (inspiration center) and expiratory (expiration center). Medulla oblongata respiratory neurons dorsal group primarily consists of inspiratory neurons. They give particularly the stream of descendant ways getting the contact with diaphragmal nerve motoneurons. Respiratory neurons ventral group sends primarily descendant fibres to intercostal muscles motoneurons. One can see region in pons anterior part called as pneumotaxic center. This center deals with activity both of inspiratory and expiratory center parts providing the change of inspiration and expiration. Respiratory center important part is neurons group of spine cervical part (III-IV cervical segments), where diaphragmal nerves nuclei are situated.
Respiratory center excitement mechanisms are the following.
One of the most important ways of its excitement is automatism. There is not one point of view to automatism nature but there exist data about secondary depolarization occurence in respiratory neurons (like diastolic depolarization in myocardium) which reaching its critical level gives new impuls.
But one of main ways of respiratory center excitement is its irritation by carbonic acid. As it was mentionned above, there remains much carbonic acid in blood leaving lungs. It performs the function of medulla oblongata neurons main irritator. It is mediated through special structures – chemoreceptors, located directly in medulla oblongata structures (“central chemoreceptors”). Thus, the second way – through blood.
They are very sensitive to carbonic dioxide tension and acid-alkaline state of intercellular liquor washing them.
Carbonic acid can easily diffund from brain vessels in liquor and stimulates medulla oblongata chemoreceptors.
Reflectory way - there are 2 reflexes groups (like for cardio-vascular system): proper and conjugated.
I. Proper reflexes – the reflexes originated from respiratory system organs and finished in it.
1) Reflex from lung mechanoreceptors. According to localization and type of percepted irritations, reflectory answer to irritation one can differentiate 3 types of such receptors: receptors of stretching, irritant receptors and lung juxtacapillary receptors.
Lung stretching receptors – are primarily located in air ways (trachea, bronchi) smooth muscles. There are approximately 1000 receptors in every lung and they are connected with respiratory center by large mielinized afferent fibres of vagus with very high conductance velocity. Direct irritator – internal tension in air ways walls tissues. Such impulses freaquency is increased at lung stretching in course of inspiration. Lung swelling causes inspiration reflectory inhibition and transition to expiration. These reactions are stopped at vagus cutting and respiration becomes retarded and deep. Mentionned reactions are called Gering-Breyer’s reflex. This reflex is reproduced in adult person when his respiratory volume is more than 1 l (at physical training for instance). It is of essential importance in new-borns. Their adaptation is slow.
Irritant receptors or slowly adaptating air ways mechanoreceptors, trachea and bronchi mucosa receptors. They answer to lung volume significant changes, chemical or mechanical irritators (mucus, tobacco, dust particles and so on) action to mucosa. Their adaptation is fast. At side bodies coming into respiratory ways there occurs cough reflex after irritant receptors activation. Reflectory arch of cough reflex – receptors – superio-laryngeal, glosso-pharyngeal, trygeminal nerves – expiratory part of respiratory center. Result - strong expiration – cough. At isolated irritation of nasal respiratory ways receptors second immediate expiration occurs – sneezing.
Juxtacapillary receptors are located near alveolar and respiratory bronchi capillaries. Irritators: pressure increasing in circulation small circle and intersticial liquid volume increasing in lungs. Such situation is observed at blood stagnation in small circulation circle, lung oedema, lung tissue injury (at pneumonia et al.). Impulses from these receptors are directed to respiratory center through vagus causing freaquent surface breathing occurence. There may be not only freaquent breathing (tachypnoe) but also reflectory bronchoconstriction.