- •М. А. Хлыбова английский язык для аспирантов
- •614090, Россия, г. Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 23
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Требования, предъявляемые к кандидатскому экзамену по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
- •Содержание кандидатского экзамена
- •Структура кандидатского экзамена
- •Vocabulary
- •Учебные тексты
- •Unit 1. Starting postgraduate studies
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •6) Add the qualities found in the previous task to the list below. Choose 5 most important qualities for postgraduate students and rank them.
- •7) Translate the sentences and identify what part of speech the word «research» is (noun / verb / adjective).
- •8) Translate into Russian and make sentences with the following word combinations.
- •9) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •10) Answer the following questions.
- •11) Here are some parts of a dialogue. Match questions with suitable responses. Learn and act out the dialogue.
- •12) Read the text carefully and find some differences and similarities in the postgraduate course in the United Kingdom and that of our country.
- •13) Ask your friend using Present Continuous Active (see Appendix 2.1).
- •14) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the Active voice (see Appendix 2.1). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •15) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English. Pay attention to the tense form.
- •16) Put questions to the above sentences.
- •17) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text:
- •18) Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •19) Speak about your research work answering the following questions.
- •20) Insert the right word: subject, object, aim, research questions, significance, motivation for the study, methods.
- •21) Speak about the structure of your research. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.1.
- •22) Answer the questions.
- •Unit 2. Attending an academic conference
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •2) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or word combinations.
- •3) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •4) Answer the following questions.
- •5) Read the following dialogues in parts. Learn and act out the dialogues.
- •6) Complete the following sentences with suitable modal verbs (see Appendix 2.2).
- •7) Explain the differences between the conferences given above. The points to be covered:
- •8) Write a letter to the organizing committee of the conference you are going to attend. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.2.
- •9) Fill in the application form to register for the conference. Conference application form
- •10) Speak about your participation in the conferences answering the following questions.
- •11) Translate into English using modal verbs.
- •12) Read and translate the text. Analyze the use of modal verbs.
- •13) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text.
- •14) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •Unit 3. Writing abstracts
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •Informative abstracts
- •Informative abstract:
- •3) Explain the differences between descriptive and informative abstracts. The points to be covered:
- •5) Match the following Russian and English sentences. Pay attention to the verbs of the Passive voice (see Appendix 2.3).
- •6) Complete the following sentences with appropriate verbs in the Passive voice.
- •7) Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.
- •8) Translate the verbs and put them in the appropriate tense form of the Passive voice given in brackets.
- •9) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •10) Write an informative abstract of your own article using the key patterns and word combinations (see Appendix 1.3). Unit 4. Making and delivering a presentation
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Answer these questions.
- •2) Learn the following introductory words which are useful for delivering a presentation.
- •3) These are some expressions used in the presentation. Put them in a logical order. Pay attention to the introductory words.
- •4) Match the words and phrases with different stages of a presentation.
- •5) Choose the right preposition.
- •6) Complete the following presentation with appropriate words from the box.
- •7) Complete the following sentences with the correct word.
- •8) Rearrange these sentences to make a complete presentation. Pay attention to using the introductory words given above.
- •9) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood (see Appendix 2.6).
- •10) Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the type of conditional sentences (see Appendix 2.7).
- •11) Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations and memorize them.
- •12) Translate the following sentences and analyze the use of Participles (see Appendix 2.8.3).
- •13) Choose the correct form of Participles.
- •14) Answer the following questions.
- •15) Here are some rules for using visual aids. For each one select the correct missing word from the options.
- •16) Choose the correct verb from the in the box below and put it into the sentence. Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
- •17) Imagine you are delivering a presentation at the conference. Use the following patterns (see Appendix 1.4). Unit 5. Reading and reviewing professional literature
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the following Russian and English sentences.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •3) Answer the following questions using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •4) Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian paying attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •5) Complete the sentences using the professional vocabulary.
- •6) Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive, its functions in the sentence. Find objective and subjective infinitive constructions (see Appendix 2.8.1).
- •7) Answer the following questions about the book and review given above.
- •8) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerunds (see Appendix 2.8.2).
- •9) Transform the following sentences using the Gerund. The beginning of a new sentence is given to you. Do as in the model.
- •10) Read the following text. Underline and analyze the use of the Gerunds in the text.
- •11) Translate the following sentences into English.
- •12) Speak about your own publications. Use the following questions as a guide for your talk. Use phrases given in vocabulary (see Appendix 1.5).
- •13) Translate the texts above and write reviews using the phrases from Appendix 1.5.
- •14) Write a review of a book you would like to recommend to your fellow-students using the phrases from Appendix 1.5. The points to be covered:
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix 1. Useful language
- •1.1. Structure of research
- •1.2. Letter of (Conference) Attendance
- •1.3. Abstract writing
- •1.4. Presentation structure
- •Inviting questions
- •1.5. Discussing a scientific publication
- •2.1. Времена в действительном залоге
- •Времена группы Simple
- •Appendix 2. Grammar Notes
- •2.2. Модальные глаголы
- •2.3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
- •Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов
- •2.5. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •2.6. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •2.7. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •If Condition, (then) Statement – Если Условие, (то) Утверждение.
- •1) Условные предложения первого типа (First Conditional sentences)
- •2) Условные предложения второго типа (Second Conditional sentences)
- •3) Условные предложения третьего типа (Third Conditional sentences)
- •4) Смешанный тип 1
- •5) Смешанный тип 2
- •2.8. Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
- •2.8.1. Инфинитив (the Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.8.2. Герундий (the Gerund)
- •Функции герундия в предложении
- •2.8.3. Причастие (the Participle)
- •2.9. Порядок слов в предложении
- •2.10. Эмфатические конструкции
10) Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the type of conditional sentences (see Appendix 2.7).
If I were free tomorrow, I should come to the meeting.
If I had more time we could discuss some points in more detail.
If he had come earlier he would have spoken to the professor.
We could have introduced the new technology if the machinery had been delivered in time.
He spoke as if he were an expert in that field of knowledge.
I would like to stress that this paper would not have been written if I hadn't received critical remarks of my research supervisor.
Had they met with such difficulties before, they would have known what to do now.
11) Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations and memorize them.
generally speaking
as mentioned above
putting it another way
frankly speaking
as emphasized above
as pointed out in the previous paper
as already observed
broadly considered
strictly speaking
as stated above
12) Translate the following sentences and analyze the use of Participles (see Appendix 2.8.3).
The speaker presents a report covering the most important problems in the field of agriculture.
Making the presentation the author mentioned the latest achievements in this field.
The method employed in this research is quite different from that discussed above.
The proposed analysis discloses several issues that need to be dealt with very carefully.
The data dealing with field experiment will be discussed in the next part of our conference.
Given all necessary conditions, such work can be done in our laboratory.
Having discussed the problem in detail, the speaker arrived at a definite conclusion.
Generally speaking, these experiments carried out in their laboratory are much more difficult than the previous ones.
As pointed out in the previous report, the speaker has a different opinion on this phenomenon.
The paper on heat conduction of gases followed by the report on diffusion was presented by Dr. Lewes.
13) Choose the correct form of Participles.
I’ve always been interesting / interested in this field of knowledge.
My exam results were rather disappointing / disappointed. I have to retake the exams in September.
The speaker said he was quite satisfying / satisfied with his report.
You look confusing / confused. Haven’t you understood what I’m talking about?
The special effects of your presentation were amazing / amazed.
His argument was more convincing / convinced than mine.
Text 2: Guidelines about using visual aids to maximum effect
Visual aids are an important factor in a successful science presentation, and as a speaker, you should give careful consideration to your approach to visual aids. Think about using a variety of different visual images. Try using photographs, models, tables, diagrams, charts, graphs, drawings, key words, video sequences, and multimedia presentations. Be creative and deliberate in your choice of images to achieve the most impact.
Your visual aids must be large enough for everyone to see.
Handouts are incredibly useful. Use a handout if your information is too detailed to fit on a slide or if you want your audience to have a full record of your findings.
Keep charts, maps and graphs very simple. Don’t try to show too many details in one visual aid. Let your visuals speak for themselves. A good visual is like a good newspaper headline-it should make people want to find out more.
Do not pass out objects or papers during your speech. If people are looking at objects or reading papers, they will not be listening to what you are saying.
When describing very detailed visual aids don’t quote precise figures. Give approximate figures and point out the overall trends and developments. Include precise figures and detailed descriptions in a handout or report given out before or after your talk.
Look at your audience – not at your visual aids. When you are showing a picture, graph, etc., be sure to maintain eye contact with your listeners.
Never compete with your visuals. When showing a visual, keep quiet and give people time to take it in, and then make brief comments only.
When you’ve finished using your visual aids, put them away or switch off your projector.
If you are giving a presentation with Power Point or something of that nature, make the information on your screen very simple. The rules of presentation are the same all the time. Five words per line, five lines per slide, and five slides per presentation is the target.