- •М. А. Хлыбова английский язык для аспирантов
- •614090, Россия, г. Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 23
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Требования, предъявляемые к кандидатскому экзамену по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
- •Содержание кандидатского экзамена
- •Структура кандидатского экзамена
- •Vocabulary
- •Учебные тексты
- •Unit 1. Starting postgraduate studies
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •6) Add the qualities found in the previous task to the list below. Choose 5 most important qualities for postgraduate students and rank them.
- •7) Translate the sentences and identify what part of speech the word «research» is (noun / verb / adjective).
- •8) Translate into Russian and make sentences with the following word combinations.
- •9) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •10) Answer the following questions.
- •11) Here are some parts of a dialogue. Match questions with suitable responses. Learn and act out the dialogue.
- •12) Read the text carefully and find some differences and similarities in the postgraduate course in the United Kingdom and that of our country.
- •13) Ask your friend using Present Continuous Active (see Appendix 2.1).
- •14) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the Active voice (see Appendix 2.1). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •15) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English. Pay attention to the tense form.
- •16) Put questions to the above sentences.
- •17) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text:
- •18) Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •19) Speak about your research work answering the following questions.
- •20) Insert the right word: subject, object, aim, research questions, significance, motivation for the study, methods.
- •21) Speak about the structure of your research. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.1.
- •22) Answer the questions.
- •Unit 2. Attending an academic conference
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •2) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or word combinations.
- •3) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •4) Answer the following questions.
- •5) Read the following dialogues in parts. Learn and act out the dialogues.
- •6) Complete the following sentences with suitable modal verbs (see Appendix 2.2).
- •7) Explain the differences between the conferences given above. The points to be covered:
- •8) Write a letter to the organizing committee of the conference you are going to attend. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.2.
- •9) Fill in the application form to register for the conference. Conference application form
- •10) Speak about your participation in the conferences answering the following questions.
- •11) Translate into English using modal verbs.
- •12) Read and translate the text. Analyze the use of modal verbs.
- •13) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text.
- •14) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •Unit 3. Writing abstracts
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •Informative abstracts
- •Informative abstract:
- •3) Explain the differences between descriptive and informative abstracts. The points to be covered:
- •5) Match the following Russian and English sentences. Pay attention to the verbs of the Passive voice (see Appendix 2.3).
- •6) Complete the following sentences with appropriate verbs in the Passive voice.
- •7) Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.
- •8) Translate the verbs and put them in the appropriate tense form of the Passive voice given in brackets.
- •9) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •10) Write an informative abstract of your own article using the key patterns and word combinations (see Appendix 1.3). Unit 4. Making and delivering a presentation
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Answer these questions.
- •2) Learn the following introductory words which are useful for delivering a presentation.
- •3) These are some expressions used in the presentation. Put them in a logical order. Pay attention to the introductory words.
- •4) Match the words and phrases with different stages of a presentation.
- •5) Choose the right preposition.
- •6) Complete the following presentation with appropriate words from the box.
- •7) Complete the following sentences with the correct word.
- •8) Rearrange these sentences to make a complete presentation. Pay attention to using the introductory words given above.
- •9) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood (see Appendix 2.6).
- •10) Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the type of conditional sentences (see Appendix 2.7).
- •11) Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations and memorize them.
- •12) Translate the following sentences and analyze the use of Participles (see Appendix 2.8.3).
- •13) Choose the correct form of Participles.
- •14) Answer the following questions.
- •15) Here are some rules for using visual aids. For each one select the correct missing word from the options.
- •16) Choose the correct verb from the in the box below and put it into the sentence. Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
- •17) Imagine you are delivering a presentation at the conference. Use the following patterns (see Appendix 1.4). Unit 5. Reading and reviewing professional literature
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the following Russian and English sentences.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •3) Answer the following questions using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •4) Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian paying attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •5) Complete the sentences using the professional vocabulary.
- •6) Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive, its functions in the sentence. Find objective and subjective infinitive constructions (see Appendix 2.8.1).
- •7) Answer the following questions about the book and review given above.
- •8) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerunds (see Appendix 2.8.2).
- •9) Transform the following sentences using the Gerund. The beginning of a new sentence is given to you. Do as in the model.
- •10) Read the following text. Underline and analyze the use of the Gerunds in the text.
- •11) Translate the following sentences into English.
- •12) Speak about your own publications. Use the following questions as a guide for your talk. Use phrases given in vocabulary (see Appendix 1.5).
- •13) Translate the texts above and write reviews using the phrases from Appendix 1.5.
- •14) Write a review of a book you would like to recommend to your fellow-students using the phrases from Appendix 1.5. The points to be covered:
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix 1. Useful language
- •1.1. Structure of research
- •1.2. Letter of (Conference) Attendance
- •1.3. Abstract writing
- •1.4. Presentation structure
- •Inviting questions
- •1.5. Discussing a scientific publication
- •2.1. Времена в действительном залоге
- •Времена группы Simple
- •Appendix 2. Grammar Notes
- •2.2. Модальные глаголы
- •2.3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
- •Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов
- •2.5. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •2.6. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •2.7. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •If Condition, (then) Statement – Если Условие, (то) Утверждение.
- •1) Условные предложения первого типа (First Conditional sentences)
- •2) Условные предложения второго типа (Second Conditional sentences)
- •3) Условные предложения третьего типа (Third Conditional sentences)
- •4) Смешанный тип 1
- •5) Смешанный тип 2
- •2.8. Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
- •2.8.1. Инфинитив (the Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.8.2. Герундий (the Gerund)
- •Функции герундия в предложении
- •2.8.3. Причастие (the Participle)
- •2.9. Порядок слов в предложении
- •2.10. Эмфатические конструкции
2.10. Эмфатические конструкции
Эмфатические конструкции служат для выделения какого-нибудь члена предложения или придаточного предложения, чтобы придать эмоциональную окраску всему высказыванию.
It is (was) ... who (which, that, when)...
Данная конструкция позволяет выделить любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Обычно при ее переводе употребляется частица «именно». Иногда можно перенести выделенный член предложения в конечную позицию.
It was he who came the first. (Сравните: Не came the first.) – Именно он пришел первым.
It was in the garden that we met. (Сравните: We met in the garden.) – Именно в саду мы и встретились.
It is the knowledge that makes us strong. – Сильными делают нас именно знания.
Вспомогательный глагол do (does, did) в утвердительном предложении усиливает роль сказуемого. При переводе усилительный эффект можно передавать при помощи слов «действительно», «все-таки», «несомненно». Необходимо заметить, что смысловой глагол употребляется в инфинитиве.
Не does love you! – Он все-таки любит тебя!
Инверсия, т. е. обратный порядок слов, когда подлежащее и сказуемое меняются местами.
Right you are! – Конечно, вы правы!
Инверсия встречается в условных предложениях III типа.
Had he come here, we should not have known what to do. (I he had come, we should not have known what to do.) – Приди он сюда, мы не знали бы что делать.
Could I help you, I'd do this for you. (If I could help you…) – Если бы я мог помочь тебе, я бы сделал это для тебя.
Were he to realize the danger, he was in, he would not proceed with this plan. (If he realized...) – Если бы он понимал ту опасность, в которой он находится, он бы не продолжал этот план.
Инверсия также возможна в простых предложениях после отрицательных наречий never, nowhere, not since, not until, never again, rarely.
Never did he tell the truth! – Никогда он не говорил правду!
Nowhere will you come across a more hospitable nation. – Нигде вы не найдете более гостеприимную нацию.
Rarely do you meet a girl of such beauty. – Редко встретишь девушку такой красоты.
Инверсия может иметь место в предложениях после hardly... when, no sooner... than, little.
Hardly had the two strangers arrived when the majority of the guests departed. – He успели два незнакомца приехать, как большинство гостей уехало.
Little did anyone realize the seriousness of the situation. – Мало кто понимал серьезность ситуации.
No sooner had we sat down to dinner than there came an explosion from the kitchen. – Как только (едва) мы сели за стол, как на кухне раздался взрыв.
Инверсия также употребляется после словосочетаний only и no.
Only when I myself became a parent did I realize the value of my parents' advice. – Только когда я сам стал родителем, я понял ценность совета моих родителей.
Only then did she tell the truth. – Только тогда она сказала правду.
At no time did I intend to deceive you. – Никогда я не намеревался тебя обманывать.
Эмфатическая конструкция, выделяющая обстоятельство времени, вводится сочетанием not until (it is not until.. that). При переводе употребляются слова только, только после, до.
It was not until 9 o'clock that he returned. – Только в 9 часов он вернулся.
It was not until they arrived that we learned the truth. – Только после того как они приехали, мы узнали правду.
Прочитайте следующие пары предложений. Обратите внимание, что второе предложение каждой пары более эмоциональное чем первое, и подлежащее следует за вспомогательным глаголом.
You should not smoke in this area under no circumstances. Under no circumstances should you smoke in this area.
The company has never had such a successful year. Never has the company had such a successful year.
