- •М. А. Хлыбова английский язык для аспирантов
- •614090, Россия, г. Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 23
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Требования, предъявляемые к кандидатскому экзамену по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
- •Содержание кандидатского экзамена
- •Структура кандидатского экзамена
- •Vocabulary
- •Учебные тексты
- •Unit 1. Starting postgraduate studies
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •6) Add the qualities found in the previous task to the list below. Choose 5 most important qualities for postgraduate students and rank them.
- •7) Translate the sentences and identify what part of speech the word «research» is (noun / verb / adjective).
- •8) Translate into Russian and make sentences with the following word combinations.
- •9) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •10) Answer the following questions.
- •11) Here are some parts of a dialogue. Match questions with suitable responses. Learn and act out the dialogue.
- •12) Read the text carefully and find some differences and similarities in the postgraduate course in the United Kingdom and that of our country.
- •13) Ask your friend using Present Continuous Active (see Appendix 2.1).
- •14) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the Active voice (see Appendix 2.1). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •15) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English. Pay attention to the tense form.
- •16) Put questions to the above sentences.
- •17) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text:
- •18) Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •19) Speak about your research work answering the following questions.
- •20) Insert the right word: subject, object, aim, research questions, significance, motivation for the study, methods.
- •21) Speak about the structure of your research. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.1.
- •22) Answer the questions.
- •Unit 2. Attending an academic conference
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •2) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or word combinations.
- •3) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •4) Answer the following questions.
- •5) Read the following dialogues in parts. Learn and act out the dialogues.
- •6) Complete the following sentences with suitable modal verbs (see Appendix 2.2).
- •7) Explain the differences between the conferences given above. The points to be covered:
- •8) Write a letter to the organizing committee of the conference you are going to attend. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.2.
- •9) Fill in the application form to register for the conference. Conference application form
- •10) Speak about your participation in the conferences answering the following questions.
- •11) Translate into English using modal verbs.
- •12) Read and translate the text. Analyze the use of modal verbs.
- •13) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text.
- •14) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •Unit 3. Writing abstracts
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •Informative abstracts
- •Informative abstract:
- •3) Explain the differences between descriptive and informative abstracts. The points to be covered:
- •5) Match the following Russian and English sentences. Pay attention to the verbs of the Passive voice (see Appendix 2.3).
- •6) Complete the following sentences with appropriate verbs in the Passive voice.
- •7) Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.
- •8) Translate the verbs and put them in the appropriate tense form of the Passive voice given in brackets.
- •9) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •10) Write an informative abstract of your own article using the key patterns and word combinations (see Appendix 1.3). Unit 4. Making and delivering a presentation
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Answer these questions.
- •2) Learn the following introductory words which are useful for delivering a presentation.
- •3) These are some expressions used in the presentation. Put them in a logical order. Pay attention to the introductory words.
- •4) Match the words and phrases with different stages of a presentation.
- •5) Choose the right preposition.
- •6) Complete the following presentation with appropriate words from the box.
- •7) Complete the following sentences with the correct word.
- •8) Rearrange these sentences to make a complete presentation. Pay attention to using the introductory words given above.
- •9) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood (see Appendix 2.6).
- •10) Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the type of conditional sentences (see Appendix 2.7).
- •11) Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations and memorize them.
- •12) Translate the following sentences and analyze the use of Participles (see Appendix 2.8.3).
- •13) Choose the correct form of Participles.
- •14) Answer the following questions.
- •15) Here are some rules for using visual aids. For each one select the correct missing word from the options.
- •16) Choose the correct verb from the in the box below and put it into the sentence. Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
- •17) Imagine you are delivering a presentation at the conference. Use the following patterns (see Appendix 1.4). Unit 5. Reading and reviewing professional literature
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the following Russian and English sentences.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •3) Answer the following questions using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •4) Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian paying attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •5) Complete the sentences using the professional vocabulary.
- •6) Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive, its functions in the sentence. Find objective and subjective infinitive constructions (see Appendix 2.8.1).
- •7) Answer the following questions about the book and review given above.
- •8) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerunds (see Appendix 2.8.2).
- •9) Transform the following sentences using the Gerund. The beginning of a new sentence is given to you. Do as in the model.
- •10) Read the following text. Underline and analyze the use of the Gerunds in the text.
- •11) Translate the following sentences into English.
- •12) Speak about your own publications. Use the following questions as a guide for your talk. Use phrases given in vocabulary (see Appendix 1.5).
- •13) Translate the texts above and write reviews using the phrases from Appendix 1.5.
- •14) Write a review of a book you would like to recommend to your fellow-students using the phrases from Appendix 1.5. The points to be covered:
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix 1. Useful language
- •1.1. Structure of research
- •1.2. Letter of (Conference) Attendance
- •1.3. Abstract writing
- •1.4. Presentation structure
- •Inviting questions
- •1.5. Discussing a scientific publication
- •2.1. Времена в действительном залоге
- •Времена группы Simple
- •Appendix 2. Grammar Notes
- •2.2. Модальные глаголы
- •2.3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
- •Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов
- •2.5. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •2.6. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •2.7. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •If Condition, (then) Statement – Если Условие, (то) Утверждение.
- •1) Условные предложения первого типа (First Conditional sentences)
- •2) Условные предложения второго типа (Second Conditional sentences)
- •3) Условные предложения третьего типа (Third Conditional sentences)
- •4) Смешанный тип 1
- •5) Смешанный тип 2
- •2.8. Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
- •2.8.1. Инфинитив (the Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.8.2. Герундий (the Gerund)
- •Функции герундия в предложении
- •2.8.3. Причастие (the Participle)
- •2.9. Порядок слов в предложении
- •2.10. Эмфатические конструкции
Inviting questions
I’d be glad to try and answer any questions.
So, let’s throw it open to questions. Any questions?
1.5. Discussing a scientific publication
(The) Present |
Настоящий(ая) |
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a book essay paper |
is about is concerned with … deals with … is devoted to …
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статья книга эссе документ |
посвящен(а) |
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The title (heading) of the book is … |
Книга называется (название книги) … |
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The book consists of … (10) chapters (sections, parts, articles). |
Книга состоит из 10 глав (разделов, частей, статей). |
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The book is addressed to scientific workers (professional scientists, postgraduates), those working in the field of …, those studying the problems of … |
Книга адресована научным работникам (профессиональным ученым, аспирантам), тем, кто работает в сфере …, тем, кто изучает проблему… |
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The book provides the reader with some data on (some material on, some information on) …, a summary of …, some details on …, a bibliography, a list (set) of references, key references). |
Книга снабжает читателя некоторыми данными о (некоторым материалом по, некоторой информацией о) …, краткими тезисами о …, некоторыми подробностями, библиографией, списком ссылок). |
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The book begins with a discussion of (chapter on, introduction to, introductory discussion of) … |
Книга начинается с дискуссии о (с главы о, введения, вводной дискуссии о)… |
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The main emphasis in this book will be on … |
Основное внимание в данной книге будет сосредоточено на … |
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The paper presents (a comparative analysis of …). |
В работе дан (сравнительный анализ…). |
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The problem raised (studied, considered, discussed) here is … |
Проблема, поднятая (изучаемая, рассматриваемая, обсуждаемая) заключается в … |
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The present book is aimed at … The present book aims at … |
Целью настоящей книги является … |
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It is the purpose of this book (survey) to explain the principles of this viewpoint … |
Целью данной книги является объяснение основных положений данной концепции |
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There is a vast literature on … |
Существует обширная литература по … |
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On this question there is an enormous literature. |
По данному вопросу существует обширная литература. |
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Almost all observers emphasize that … |
Почти все исследователи подчеркивают … |
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Some authors define it as …, other view it as … |
Некоторые авторы определяют это как …, другие рассматривают это как … |
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Scholars give us more definite information on … |
Ученые дают нам более подробные сведения о … |
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The paper abounds in illustrative material, examples. |
В работе используется много иллюстративного материала, примеров. |
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It has been established by recent studies that … |
В последних исследованиях было установлено, что … |
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A great advance in … is indicated by … |
Большой прогресс в … отмечен … |
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Recent works have a direct bearing on the matter under discussion. |
В современных работах четко выражено отношение к обсуждаемому вопросу. |
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It is necessary to give a short review of … |
Необходимо сделать краткий обзор … |
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The author has succeeded in showing (providing, presenting) the results of |
Автору удалось показать (обеспечить, представить) результаты. |
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The author failed to show (to present, to direct our attention to) |
Автору не удалось показать (представить, обратить наше внимание на)… |
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A careful examination of … proves that … |
Тщательный анализ … доказывает, что … |
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It is clear (evident) that … |
Ясно, что … |
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For confirmation of … we will turn to … |
Для подтверждения … мы об-ращаемся к … |
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In the light of these data, the discovery of … confirms the … |
В свете этих фактов, открытие … подтверждает … |
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This is proved by the fact … |
Это подтверждается фактом … |
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We have no clear proof of … |
У нас нет точных доказательств … |
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It must be admitted that … |
Следует допустить, что … |
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There is some evidence to suggest that … |
Есть основания полагать, что … |
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It seems essential to emphasize that … |
Представляется важным отметить, что … |
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It should be noted that … |
Необходимо отметить … |
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A very important point to be made is … |
Особенно следует выделить … |
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It should be added that … |
Следует добавить, что … |
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As we have said … |
Как было сказано … |
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As has been mentioned earlier … |
Как было упомянуто ранее … |
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It is generally accepted that … |
Общепринято, что … |
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It has often been claimed at present … |
В последнее время часто утверждалось … |
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It is known that … |
Известно, что … |
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It is usually regarded as … |
Это обычно рассматривается как … |
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It is common place to say that … |
Принято считать, что … |
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From this point of view it must be regarded as … |
С этой точки зрения это должно рассматриваться как … |
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A new theory of … was elaborated (formulated, worked out, created) by … |
Новая теория … была разработана (сформулирована) … |
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There is a theory based on … |
Имеется теория, основанная на |
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This is a scientifically valid theory … |
Это научно обоснованная теория … |
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In the light of the theory it is possible … |
В свете данной теории возможно … |
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The book ends with a discussion of … |
Книга заканчивается дискуссией о… |
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The book is profusely (poorly) illustrated with diagrams (tables, photographs, sketches). |
Книга богато (слабо) проиллюстрирована диаграммами (таблицами, фотографиями, эскизами). |
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