- •М. А. Хлыбова английский язык для аспирантов
- •614090, Россия, г. Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 23
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Требования, предъявляемые к кандидатскому экзамену по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
- •Содержание кандидатского экзамена
- •Структура кандидатского экзамена
- •Vocabulary
- •Учебные тексты
- •Unit 1. Starting postgraduate studies
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •6) Add the qualities found in the previous task to the list below. Choose 5 most important qualities for postgraduate students and rank them.
- •7) Translate the sentences and identify what part of speech the word «research» is (noun / verb / adjective).
- •8) Translate into Russian and make sentences with the following word combinations.
- •9) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •10) Answer the following questions.
- •11) Here are some parts of a dialogue. Match questions with suitable responses. Learn and act out the dialogue.
- •12) Read the text carefully and find some differences and similarities in the postgraduate course in the United Kingdom and that of our country.
- •13) Ask your friend using Present Continuous Active (see Appendix 2.1).
- •14) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the Active voice (see Appendix 2.1). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •15) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English. Pay attention to the tense form.
- •16) Put questions to the above sentences.
- •17) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text:
- •18) Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •19) Speak about your research work answering the following questions.
- •20) Insert the right word: subject, object, aim, research questions, significance, motivation for the study, methods.
- •21) Speak about the structure of your research. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.1.
- •22) Answer the questions.
- •Unit 2. Attending an academic conference
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •2) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or word combinations.
- •3) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •4) Answer the following questions.
- •5) Read the following dialogues in parts. Learn and act out the dialogues.
- •6) Complete the following sentences with suitable modal verbs (see Appendix 2.2).
- •7) Explain the differences between the conferences given above. The points to be covered:
- •8) Write a letter to the organizing committee of the conference you are going to attend. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.2.
- •9) Fill in the application form to register for the conference. Conference application form
- •10) Speak about your participation in the conferences answering the following questions.
- •11) Translate into English using modal verbs.
- •12) Read and translate the text. Analyze the use of modal verbs.
- •13) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text.
- •14) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •Unit 3. Writing abstracts
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •Informative abstracts
- •Informative abstract:
- •3) Explain the differences between descriptive and informative abstracts. The points to be covered:
- •5) Match the following Russian and English sentences. Pay attention to the verbs of the Passive voice (see Appendix 2.3).
- •6) Complete the following sentences with appropriate verbs in the Passive voice.
- •7) Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.
- •8) Translate the verbs and put them in the appropriate tense form of the Passive voice given in brackets.
- •9) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •10) Write an informative abstract of your own article using the key patterns and word combinations (see Appendix 1.3). Unit 4. Making and delivering a presentation
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Answer these questions.
- •2) Learn the following introductory words which are useful for delivering a presentation.
- •3) These are some expressions used in the presentation. Put them in a logical order. Pay attention to the introductory words.
- •4) Match the words and phrases with different stages of a presentation.
- •5) Choose the right preposition.
- •6) Complete the following presentation with appropriate words from the box.
- •7) Complete the following sentences with the correct word.
- •8) Rearrange these sentences to make a complete presentation. Pay attention to using the introductory words given above.
- •9) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood (see Appendix 2.6).
- •10) Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the type of conditional sentences (see Appendix 2.7).
- •11) Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations and memorize them.
- •12) Translate the following sentences and analyze the use of Participles (see Appendix 2.8.3).
- •13) Choose the correct form of Participles.
- •14) Answer the following questions.
- •15) Here are some rules for using visual aids. For each one select the correct missing word from the options.
- •16) Choose the correct verb from the in the box below and put it into the sentence. Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
- •17) Imagine you are delivering a presentation at the conference. Use the following patterns (see Appendix 1.4). Unit 5. Reading and reviewing professional literature
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the following Russian and English sentences.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •3) Answer the following questions using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •4) Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian paying attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •5) Complete the sentences using the professional vocabulary.
- •6) Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive, its functions in the sentence. Find objective and subjective infinitive constructions (see Appendix 2.8.1).
- •7) Answer the following questions about the book and review given above.
- •8) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerunds (see Appendix 2.8.2).
- •9) Transform the following sentences using the Gerund. The beginning of a new sentence is given to you. Do as in the model.
- •10) Read the following text. Underline and analyze the use of the Gerunds in the text.
- •11) Translate the following sentences into English.
- •12) Speak about your own publications. Use the following questions as a guide for your talk. Use phrases given in vocabulary (see Appendix 1.5).
- •13) Translate the texts above and write reviews using the phrases from Appendix 1.5.
- •14) Write a review of a book you would like to recommend to your fellow-students using the phrases from Appendix 1.5. The points to be covered:
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix 1. Useful language
- •1.1. Structure of research
- •1.2. Letter of (Conference) Attendance
- •1.3. Abstract writing
- •1.4. Presentation structure
- •Inviting questions
- •1.5. Discussing a scientific publication
- •2.1. Времена в действительном залоге
- •Времена группы Simple
- •Appendix 2. Grammar Notes
- •2.2. Модальные глаголы
- •2.3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
- •Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов
- •2.5. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •2.6. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •2.7. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •If Condition, (then) Statement – Если Условие, (то) Утверждение.
- •1) Условные предложения первого типа (First Conditional sentences)
- •2) Условные предложения второго типа (Second Conditional sentences)
- •3) Условные предложения третьего типа (Third Conditional sentences)
- •4) Смешанный тип 1
- •5) Смешанный тип 2
- •2.8. Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
- •2.8.1. Инфинитив (the Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.8.2. Герундий (the Gerund)
- •Функции герундия в предложении
- •2.8.3. Причастие (the Participle)
- •2.9. Порядок слов в предложении
- •2.10. Эмфатические конструкции
17) Imagine you are delivering a presentation at the conference. Use the following patterns (see Appendix 1.4). Unit 5. Reading and reviewing professional literature
Vocabulary
рассматриваемая работа (книга) – the work (book) under review
монография – monograph
обзор, анализ – survey
критический обзор – critical review. «The book constitutes a critical review of...».
описание – description
оценка книги – evaluation of a book
первое (второе и т. д.) издание – the first (the second etc.) edition
публиковать – to publish
автор – author
исследователь – observer
содержание – content
пересматривать, исправлять – to revise. «The authors undertook the complete revision of the second edition».
исправленное и дополненное – revised and completed
выходить из печати – to appear in print
состоять (из) – to comprise. «The book comprises four parts».
упоминать – to mention
исследовать – to explore
свидетельствовать – to witness
охватывать – to cover. «The monograph covers large information on...».
анализировать – to analyze
подавать, представлять материал – to give, to present (material)
отражать, иллюстрировать – to reflect, to illustrate
за последнее время – lately, за последние десятилетия – the last few decades. «The last few decades have witnessed an increase of importance...».
том – volume
часть – part
глава – chapter
раздел – section
ссылки – references
иллюстративный материал – illustrative material
список литературы – list of literature
достижение – achievement. «The work under review is an outstanding achievement of the year».
соображения, выводы – considerations
широкий охват (литературы, материала) – extensive cover of (literature, material)
обширный и проницательный охват (обзор) – a wide and intelligent grasp of … . «The monograph contains a wide and intelligent grasp of contribution which has been made by Russian and European researches».
подчеркнуть большое значение – to stress great significance. «In conclusion I'd like to stress great significance of this work».
1) Match the following Russian and English sentences.
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Text 1: What is a review?
Book reviews typically evaluate recently-written works. A book review is both a description and an evaluation of a book. It should focus on the book purpose, contents, and authority.
Most reviews start off with a heading that includes all the bibliographic information about the book. If your assignment sheet does not indicate which form you should use, you can use the following: title; author; place of publication; publisher; date of publication; number of pages.
There is no right way to write a book review. Book reviews are highly personal and reflect the opinions of the reviewer. A review can be as short as 50-100 words, or as long as 1500 words, depending on the purpose of the review. The following are standard procedures for writing book reviews; they are suggestions, not formulae that must be used.
While they vary in tone, subject, and style, they share some common features:
first, a review gives the reader a concise summary of the content. This includes a relevant description of the topic as well as its overall perspective, argument, or purpose.
second, and more importantly, a review offers a critical assessment of the content. This involves your reactions to the work under review: what strikes you as noteworthy, whether or not it was effective or persuasive, and how it enhanced your understanding of the issues at hand.
finally, in addition to analyzing the work, a review often suggests whether or not the audience would appreciate it.
Like most pieces of writing, the review itself usually begins with an introduction that lets your readers know what the review will say. The first paragraph usually includes the author and title again, so your readers don’t have to look up to find this information. You should also include a very brief overview of the contents of the book, the purpose or audience for the book, and your reaction and evaluation.
You should then move into a section of background information that helps place the book in context and discusses criteria for judging the book. Next, you should give a summary of the main points of the book, quoting and paraphrasing key phrases from the author. Finally, you get to the heart of your review – your evaluation of the book. In this section, you might discuss some of the following issues:
how well the book has achieved its goal;
what possibilities are suggested by the book;
what the book has left out;
how the book compares to others on the subject;
what specific points are not convincing;
what personal experiences you’ve had related to the subject.
Then, like other essays, you can end with a direct comment on the book, and tie together issues raised in the review in a conclusion. There is, of course, no set formula, but a general rule of thumb is that the first one-half to two-thirds of the review should summarize the author’s main ideas and at least one-third should evaluate the book. The review offers criteria, opinions, and support with which the reader can agree or disagree.