LanguageNotes

1- take pride in : be proud of يفتخر بـ - She takes a great pride in her work.

2- keep

keep يحافظ علي / يربي / يظل keep off لا تقتـرب/ يبعد

keep away from يبعتـد عـن keep pace with يسـايـر ـ يـواكـب

Keep back يعـوق keep down يسيطـر علـى

keep in يحبـس keep up with يسـايـر ـ يـواكـب

cut

Cut يقطـع cut down يقلل ـ يختصر ـ يقطع شجرة

cut off يـوقـف إمداد cut up يمـزق

work

work against يعمل ضد work on (someone)يحاول أن يقنـع الشخـص

work for يعمـل لحسـاب work on (something) يصنـع أو يصلـح أو يحسـن الشـئ

work ( himself ) up يتضـايق أو يغضـب مـن شـئ work outيحل - يحسـب - يتدرب بانتظـام

work upيحسـن أو يطـور أو ينمـى work in someone's favourيعمـل لصالحـه - يفيـد

3- لاحظ استخدام الاسم بعد حرف الجر in فيما يلي:

- metres in height - inches in length - 3 centimetres in depth

وفي حالة عدم وجود حرف جر نستخدم الصفة

- metres high - inches long - 3 centimetres deep

4 - لاحظ الاختصارات الآتية :

-BCE : Before Common Era. = BC (Before Christ) قبل العصر المسيحي ( قبل الميلاد)

: AD (Anno Domini) بعد الميــــــــــــــــــــــلاد

- لاحظ أن BC تكتب بعد التاريخ لكن AD تكتب قبله :

- This mummy dates back to 3500 BC. - The roman invasion took place in AD 340.

5- mass (n.) كتلة- حجم – شامل – يتجمع-قداس - One litre of water has a mass of one kilogram.

massive (adj.)ضخم - A massive block of rock fell down yhe mountain.

masses (n.) جماهير - He failed to win the support of the masses.

mess (n.) فوضي - Don’t make a mess in the kitchen.

6- base (n.) قاعدة – مكان اقامة - It is easy to fasten the monitor onto the base.

basis (n.) bases (pl.) اساس - There is no legal basis for his claims.

basic (adj.) اساسي- ريئسي -The basic problem is very simple.

7- nearly = approximately = about = roughly (adv.) تقريبا – حوالي

- The underground carries nearly three million people every day.

8- يمكن تأكيد صفة المقارنة بين اثنين باضافة.

(Much – slightly – a bit- a lot – greatly – a little ...)

- My car is much faster than yours. –This flat is slightly more expensive than our new flat.

9- لاحظ ما يلي

The first line opened in 1982 = the first line was opened in 1982.

10- lose (v) يفقد / يضيع / يخسر - loss فقدان/ خسارة- - loose غير محكم / غير مثبت جيدا / مفكوك

11- carved into منحـــوت فـى - The temple was carved into cliff.

carved out of منحـــوت مـن -The statue is carved out of wood.

12-commute from .. to .. / commute between .. and … يسافر يوميا الي مكان العمل ومنه

- She commutes from Banha to Cairo.

13- decide to + inf يقـرر - She decided to go out.

decide on + noun يقـررـ يحدد - You have to decide on your goal in life.

decide that + sentence يقـرر - He decided that you should attend.

14- site موقـع أثـرى / بنـاء - Abu Simble is the site of two temples south of Aswan.

site موقع على شبكة الإنترنت -You can apply for the job on our website.

15- raise ( d ) + مفعـول يـربى حيوانـات / يجمـع مـال / يرفـع

- Raise your hand if you want to answer. - He raised a lot of money a broad.

- His uncle raises cattle and sheep.

rise - rose - risen يرتفـع / تشـرق / ينهـض ليحيى شخص / يستيقظ ( بـدون مفعـول )

- The sun rises in the east. - I rise at 6.00 in the morning.

- When the visitor entered, all students rose. - Taxis fare have risen

arise arose arisen يـزيد عن الحـد / ينشـأ ( بـدون مفعـول )

- A lot of problems arise because of misunderstanding.

arouse (مفعـول ) aroused يثيـر/ يوقـظ

- His behaviour aroused the suspicion of the police. - Don’t arouse the baby.

16- conquer يغزو ( عدو أو بلد) -The Normans conquered England in 1066.

occupy يحتل ( مكان أو بلد ) - The capital has been occupied by the rebel army.

raid يشن ( غارة) - Villages along the border are regularly raided.

17- الصفـات المنتهيـة بـ ed تعبـرغالبا عن أشخـاص

- I'm very tired today. - I'm interested in reading books.

أمـا الصفـات المنتهيـة بـ ing تعبـرغالبا عـن أشيـاء

- Shopping is very tiring. - I watched a very interesting film yesterday.

ويمكن أن تأتى الصفـة المنتهيـة بــ (ing) مـع العاقل إذا كان الشخص هو الذي يسبب هذه الصفة.

- He is boring. ( It means that he causes boredom )

18- هذه الكلمات إذا جاء قبلها عدد محدد تكون مفردا أما إذا لم يسبقها عدد محدد وتشير لكميات كبيرة تكون جمعا.

Hundred – thousand – million – billion – trillion- His salary is 500 hundred pounds a month.

- Thousands of people watched the match on TV yesterday.

19- realize يدرك - I'm sorry, I didn't realize that it was so late.

achieve يحقق - He achieved most of his ambitions.

reach ( goal – aim – target ) يصل إلى –يحقق - He reached his goal after long hours of hard work.

20- lose يخسـر ـ يفقـد شـئ - Our national team lost the last match.

miss يفتقـد شخـص ـ يفـوته مواصـلات - I missed my uncle very much.

- He missed the train as he got up late.

21- proud of (something / someone ) فخــوربـ - Her parents are very proud of her.

proud to do something فخــورأن - I am proud to receive this award.

22- illuminate يضيء / ينير - The streets were illuminated with coloured lights.

- eliminate يمحو / يزيل / يستبعد / يهزم

- Our team was eliminated in the first round. - We should try to eliminate illiteracy in Egypt.

23- size حجم - I was amazed at the size of their garden.

24- diameter قُطر - The diameter of the Earth is about 13,000 km.

25- know = have information about something يعرف

- There are instructions telling you everything you need to know. - I have known him for years.

- recognize يتعرف علي / يعترف بـ (رسمياً)

- I didn't recognize you in your uniform. - British medical qualifications are recognized in Canada.

26- costيكلف - How much does a house like that cost in America?

- pay يدفع - Can I pay by credit card?

27- charge يفرض أو يطلب ثمنا -The restaurant charged us 40 pounds for the meal.

28- historic هام من الناحية التاريخية Historic / historical monuments آثار تاريخية

- historical مرتبط بدراسة التاريخ – قديم أو اثريHistorical research أبحاث في التاريخ