**Comparing / Expressing preference المقارنة / التفضيل

- I like coffee better / more than tea. أحب القهوة أكثر من الشاى.

- I prefer having tea to eating chocolate. أفضل تناول الشاى على أكل الشيكولاته.

- I'd prefer to have tea rather than chocolate. أفضل أن أتناول الشاى أكثر من القهوة.

- I like the red dress best. أحب الفستان الأحمر أكثر.

- I'd rather live in Cairo than Alexandria. أفضل أن أعيش فى القاهرة أكثر من الاسكندرية.

Making deductionsالاستنتـــــاج

يمكن استخدام بعض الأفعال الناقصة لعمل استنتاج سواء فى المضارع أو الماضى

• You must be Fahmy. I met you at a language conference in Cairo years ago.

(I’m sure you are Fahmy.)

• You must speak good Arabic if you've lived here for 10 years.

(I’m sure you speak good Arabic.)

• That can't be Kamal. He looks too old. (I’m sure you are not Kamal.)

Meaning Degree	Present Deduction	Past Deduction
- I'm sure - I'm certain - I think - I believe - I imagine - Certainly - definitely - I suppose - It's Impossible	must + inf.	must have + p.p.
	-She wears a white coat and helps a doctor. She must be a nurse.	-Ahmed was unhappy yesterday. He must have lost the match against Ali.
	Can't + inf.	can't have + p.p.
	- He can't be a teacher. He wears a uniform and stands at a traffic station.	- His favourite team lost the match yesterday. He can’t have been happy.
- I'm not sure - I'm not certain - perhaps - It is probable - It is likely	may + inf.	may have + p.p.
	- I’m not sure where Yara is. She may be in the garden.	- I didn’t see Omer at school today. He may have got up late. It’s likely.
- it is possible - I don't think so - I don't believe - I don't know	might + inf.	might have + p.p.
	- I don’t know why he doesn’t look happy. He might feel ill.	- I don’t think he won the race. He might have lost it.

- يمكن استخدام could بدلا من may / might:

- She could be ill. -He could have been a doctor.

- لكن يمكن أن تعبر(( couldhave + P.P. أيضا عن شيء كان من الممكن حدوثه ولكنه لم يحدث:

- He hasn’t visited us for a long time. He could have been busy.

= He may/might have been busy.

-He was able to do the job but he didn’t. = He could have done the job.

- نستخدم الشكل الاتي للتعبير عن استحالة حدوث الشيء في الماضي :

- couldn't have + p.p. - He couldn't have killed the man. He was in prison.

-أحيانا يمكن أن تعبر الجملة عن الاستمرار وفي هذه الحالة نستخدم:

- must / can't / may/ might / could+ be + V+ing

- What is Ali doing in his room? - I'm not sure. He may be studying.

- must / can't / may/ might / could+ have been + V+ing

- What was Linda doing? - She must have been working on her computer.

- كما مكن اتتستخدم Must للتعبير عن ضرورة عمل شيء من وجهة نظر المتكلم وتستخدم في حالات مثل تقديم نصيحة قوية لشخص أو دعوة أو نذكر أنفسنا بضرورة عمل شيء أو حتي للتعبير عن المضايقة:

- You must come and see us at the weekend. (a warm invitation)

- You must wash your hands before you eat. (strong advice)

- We must buy souvenirs for our friends. (strong reminder)

- Must you listen to this loud music ? Don't you see that I'm studying my lessons (Annoyance)

د

1- suggest + v. + ing يقترح - Ali suggested going to the club.

- suggest + فاعل+ مصدر / should + مصدر يقترح

- Ali suggested we go to the club. - Ali suggested we should go to the club.

2- temporary مؤقت - He tries to find a temporary job during the summer holiday.

- permanent دائم - Their stay is not temporary, it is permanent.

3- agree to + (inf. - N) يوافق - He agreed to sign the papers. - He agreed to our plan.

agree with someone يتفق مع - I'm afraid I don't agree with you.

agree on (something) مجموعة تتفق علي شيء - We agreed on a price for the car.

agree that (sentence يوافق ) - It was agreed that he was the thief.

accept ( invitation / apology / condolences / bribes) يقبــل ( دعوة ـ اعتذار ـ تعازي ـ رشوة)

- He didn't accept her apology.

4- quite – fairly + إلى حد ما صفة حسنة - He is quite ( fairly ) good at English.

- rather + صفـة غيـر حسنة إلى حد ما - He is rather bad at English.

5- complain to + يشكو لـ - She complained to her father about her money.

- complain about يشكومن - He complained about his work.

- complain of + يشكو من مرض - He complained of headache.

- complain that + يشكو من جمـلة كامـلة - He complained that he didn't get his salary.

6- foreigner أجنبـى (شخـص من دولة أخـرى) - He isn't from Egypt, he is a foreigner.

foreign أجنبـى (صفة لوصف البلاد / البضائع / اللغات) - Learning foreign languages is very important.

stranger غريـب (شخـص لا أعرفـه) - I'm a stranger here; I don't know where the post office is.

7- do/carry out/ conduct research into/ on يجري بحثاعلي / في - He is doing research into cancer .
8- cure (v.) (n.)	يعالج - علاج	recuperate	يتسشفي- يستجم
heal ( up) ( v.)	يلتئم للجروح والكسور	recover from	يشفي من
recovery	شفاء

9- good atجيد في - He is good at English.

- good to طيب مع - He is good to his friends.

- good for مفيد ـ صالح لـ - Taking exercises is good for you.

10- relation علاقة رسمية - Relations between the two countries have improved recently.

- relationship علاقة شخصية أو أسرية - I have a good relationship with my parents.

11- make + someone + inf. يُجبر شخص علي عمل شيء -They made her sign the cheque.

- make + Obj. + adj. يجعل - He did everything he could to make us happy.

- make = be / become - I don't think he will ever make a good doctor.

12- respected (adj.) يحظي بالإعجاب بسبب عمله أو انجازاته - He is one of the most respectedmanagers

- respectable (adj.) محترم (يتصرف بطريقة مقبولة اجتماعيا وأخلاقيا) - He comes from a respectable family.

- respectful (adj.) يُظهرالاحترام لـ - We should be respectful towards elderly people.

13- would rather + inf. = would prefer + to + inf. تفيد التفضيل

- I'd rather stay at home. = - I'd prefer to stay at home.

- would rather + inf. ………….than + inf. يفضل - We’d rather go to the park than watch TV.

- would rather + inf. +n. …….. than + n. يفضل - I’d rather have coffee than tea.

- rather + adj. / adv. = fairly / to some degree إلي حد ما - It's rather hot today, isn't it?

- prefer + to + inf. / V+ing. يفضل - He prefers to play tennis. - He prefers playing tennis.

- would prefer to + inf. يفضل - I'd prefer not to discuss this issue.

- prefer + V+ing. + to + V+ing - He prefers watching football to playing it.

14- It is time to + inf. لقد حان وقت - It is time to go home.

- It is time for + n. لقد حان وقت - It is time for dinner.

- It is time + فاعل. + Past simple كان يفترض أن - It is time she went home.

15- fault خطأ - I'm very sorry. It's my fault.

- foul خطأ في الرياضة - He had committed 3 fouls in the match.

16- fall / fell / fallen يسقط - The book fell from his hands.

- fail يفشل / يرسب - He failed the English exam.

- fell يقطع (شجرة) - A lot of trees along the road were felled.

17- human (adj.) بشري / إنساني - The accident was the result of human error

- humane (adj.) عطوف - The refugees اللاجئون receive humane treatment .

18- find + obj. + adj. - I find it easy to study English.

- defend (yourself) يدافع عن نفسه - You should be able to defend yourself in dangerous situations.

19- admit + v. + ing يعترف / يقر / يقبل - They admitted stealing the money.

- admit that + يعترف / يقر / يقبل جملة - They admitted that they had stolen the money.

- confess (v.) يعترف رسميا - He confessed the murder.

Communication Sklls

Making Suggestions Responding to Suggestions

- How about + V+ing……………………....? - I'd go along with that.

- Let's …………………………………………. - That sounds fine.

- Let's say………………………………………. - That's what I think

- Shall we + inf………………………………. ? - I'm not sure about that. (Disagreeing)

- We could……………………………………. - I agree.

- What about + V+ing………………………...? - That's a good idea.

- Why don't we/you/they…………………...? - Personally, I'd prefer.. (Disagreeing)