I’m going to buy a paper. ( a newspaper)

3-The window’s made of unbreakable glass. (الزجاج - لا يعد)

Would you like a glass كوب of water?

4- Would you like an orange? (the fruit(برتقالة

I don't like orange. I prefer red. (the colour (اللون البرتقالى

5- Would you like a coffee? (a cup of coffee ( فنجان قهوة

Coffee can you stop you sleeping. ( The drink مشروب القهوة )

6- I’ve got a hair in my mouth. (a single hair (شعرة

There’s hair on the floor. (a lot of hair (شعر

7- Don’t hurry. There’s plenty of time وقت . - He went to London three times. مرات

8- Don’t go out in the cold without a coat. البرد عموما - I’ve got a bad cold. نزلة برد

9-This table is made of iron. الحديد (لا يعد) - She bought an iron yesterday. مكواة

10-The sun gives us light الضوء / لا تُعد - We need two lights in this room. مصباح كهربي

3- اذا تم تجزئتها من قبل

- I drank three coffees while I was studying. - Would you give me a cake , please mum?

ملاحظـــــــــــــــــــــــــــات هامــــــــــــــــــــــــــــة

 بعض الكلمات ليس لها مفرد وتعامل معاملة الجمع ومنها

- الاشياء التي تتكون من نصفين مثل

trousers / glasses / gloves / shorts / spectacles / pyjamas

- بعض الاسماء المنتهية ب ( ings ) مثل

savings مدخرات / lodgings حجرة للايجار / surroundings الأشياء المحيطة

- أسماء أخري

police / people / youth / clothes / wages / goods سلع / troops قوات / arms أسلحة / remains بقايا / cattle الماشية / contents محتويات … etc.

- Our youth are the power of development. – The police have arrested the thieves.

 أسماء الأشياء المكونة من جزأين مثل gloves / scissors / trousers / shoes / socks glasses نستخدم معها كلمة pair وبدون كلمة pair تُعتبر هذه الكلمات جمع

- His trousers are dirty. - A pair of socks doesn't cost much money.

3- Nouns and noun phrases which refer to groups:

 معظم الأسماء التي تُشير إلي مجموعات يمكن أن يُستخدم معها فعل مفرد أو جمع مثل:

company شركة army جيش class فصل team فريق

crowd جمهور crew (طاقم (طائرة/سفينة couple زوجان committee لجنة

navy البحرية group جماعة gang عصابة family عائلة

 عندما نفكر فى المجموعة ككل أى كوحدة واحدة نستخدم فعل مفرد

- The Egyptian team is going to play in the finals. هنا الكلام عن الفريق كوحدة واحدة

 عندما نفكر فى أعضاء المجموعة كأفراد نستخدم فعل جمع

- The Egyptian team are going to travel to luxor next week. هنا نقصد الفريق كأفراد

 كلمة the public بمعني عامة الناس يأتي معها الفعل جمع أو مفرد

The public has / have the right to know everything.

4- Nouns which look plural:

 العبارات الدالة علي الكمية و المبالغ المالية والزمن و الثمن و المسافة و الوزن ودرجات الحرارة تُعامل معاملة المفرد مع الفعل

- Ten million pounds is a lot of money. - Fifty litres of petrol fills my car.

- Five kilometres is a long way to walk if you are carrying a heavy bag.

- Two hours is a long time to wait. - Fifty degrees is a very high temperature.

 ولكن لاحظ أننا نقول

- Three one-pound coins are on the desk. ثلاث عملات معدنية من فئة الجنيه

 بعض الأسماء المنتهية بحرف s مثل الألعاب الرياضية و المواد الدراسية يُستخدم معها دائما فعل مفرد

Athletics ألعاب القوى / politics السياسة / gymnastics ألعاب الجمباز / news الأخبار

Mathematics الرياضيات / maths الرياضيات / economics علم الاقتصاد/ physics الفيزياء

- Politics was my best subject at university. - Athletics is my favourite sport.

 كلمة school بمعني المكان الذي يتعلم فيه الطلاب لا تُعد أما إذا قصدنا المدرسة كمبني فهي تُعد

- She drives the kids to school every morning. - They're building a new school in the village.

 الضمائر الغير محددة التالية تأخذ دائما فعل مفرد ولكن عند الإشارة إليها بضمير نستخدم ضمير جمع

( someone / no one / nobody / any one / every one / every body /somebody / person )

- Somebody has cleaned the house. They have also watered the flowers.

- Someone is knocking at the door, I will go and see who they are

 الضمائر الغير محددة التالية تأخذ دائما فعل مفرد و عند الإشارة إليها بضمير نستخدم ضمير مفرد أيضا

( something / nothing / anything/ everything ) - Something has fallen on your head.

 العبارات مثل ( as well as / along with / together with ) اذا كانت تربط فاعلين يعامل الفعل بعدها حسب الفاعل الاول

- I ,as well as Ali, am clever.

لاحظ : مع ( and / both ….. and … ) الفعل دائما جمع - Both mum and dad like fish.

 الضميرين ( either / neither ) مفردان ويأتي معهم فعل مفرد

- I can join two clubs. Neither club is good enough.

لاحظ : في حالة ربط فاعلين معهم الفعل يتبع الفاعل الاقرب ( الثاني )

-Neither Ahmed nor I am happy. - Either I or Aya is out of the competition.

1- run out ينفذ - ينقرض- يبنتهي (لا ياتي بعدها مفعول) - Fossil fuels are going to run out in a few years.

run out of = finish = use up ينفذ من ـ ينتهى ـ يستهلك ( يأتى بعدها مفعول )

- We can't drink tea because we ran out of sugar.

- run on يعمل بـ / ـ يدار بــ - This engine runs on diesel.

2- let + مفعــول+ يسمـح المصــدر - I let him go out.

allow ( permit ) + مفعــول + to +مصـــدر يسمـح - I allowed him to go out.

allow + ( v + ing ) يسمـح - My father doesn't allow staying up late.

3- keep + object + ( v + ing ) - adj . يحافظ على

- The new blouse kept Aya's room attractive. - She kept us waiting for half an hours.

4- Use + object + to + inf. يستخـدم - We use wood to make furniture.

use + object + for + ( v + ing ) يستخـدم - We use wood for making furniture.

5- pressure (n.) ضغط – موقف صعب - Teachers are under increasing pressure to work longer hours

- pressure (v.) يجبر- يرغم – يضغط - The president was pressured to resign.

6- renew (v.) يجدد - يستأنف مرة اخري - I have decided not to renew my driving licence this year.

- The Israeli war planes renewed their bombing on Gaza.

- renewal (n.) تجديد - Our educational system needs renewal.

- renewable (adj.) متجدد - We should depend on the renewable sources of energy.

- non renewable غير متجدد - Oil and gas are non renewable sources of energy.

7- connected to مرتبط او متصل بمصدر طاقة - The computer is connected to a printer.

- connected with متعلق ب – علي صلة بـ - He is connected with some important persons in Cairo.

- There was no evidence that the man was connected with the crime.

8- turn on / switch on the lights - turn off / switch off the lights

- turn into = converted into يتحول الي - Energy from the flowing water is turned into electricity.

9- solar-powered vehicles مركبات تعمل بالطاقة الشمسية

10- as well as + v. + ing بالإضافة الى - As well as cooking for 20 people, she did all the washing up.

11- البادئات Prefixes

- فى بعض الكلمات تضاف بادئة prefix لتعطى معنى عكسي مثل:

- Non- : not

renewable non-renewable verbal non-verbal

polluting non-polluting fictional non-fictional

• Un-

dress undress happy unhappy lucky unlucky

fortunate unfortunate lock unlock usual unusual

• In-

complete incomplete effective ineffective expensive inexpensive

convenient inconvenient efficient inefficient sensitive insensitive

• Dis-

agree disagree approve disapprove honest dishonest

appear disappear connect disconnect like dislike

• il-

legal illegal logical illogical literate illiterate

• Ir-

Responsible Irresponsible Regular Irregular Resistible Irresistible

Sub = Lower than Submarine/ subzero Pre = Before Prehistory

Bio = Life Biography / biology Re = Again Recycle / rewrite / retry

Mono = One Monopoly - monosyllabic Multi = Many multinational

Bi = Two Bilingual / bicycle Anti = Against Antibiotic / antibodies

Tri = Three Triangle – triple Under = Below Underground

12- power قوة- سلطة ـ نفوذ ـ طاقة ـ قوة محركة - Obama came into power استلم السلطة in the year 2009.

- The ship was destroyed by the power of the storm.

- force قوة ـ قوة عسكرية - The force of the explosion knocked them to the ground.

- An international force is keeping peace in the Darfur.

- force + Obj. + to + inf. يرغم ـ يجبر - The hot weather forced people to stay in their homes.

- energy طاقة - Oil, wind and the sun are sources of energy.

13 - other - I like helping other people . - He didn’t ask for other information.

صفـة يتبعهـا جمـع ) و أحيانا اسم لا يعد( ( آخر بمعنى المتبقي )

- others - Some people are rich; others are poor. -Some writers are greater than othersالآخرين .

ضمير فاعل أو مفعول ( آخر بمعنى المتبقي ) و لا يأتي بعدها اسم

- another - I will buy another book . – She ordered another sandwich .

صفـة يتبعهـا اسـم مفـرد ( آخر بمعنى مختلف أو اضافى )

- another ( = one more / a different one ) - This T-shirt is nice. I’ll buy another one.

- She lost her job. she’s trying to find another one.

- another + ( few / number: two, three,…. )

- The guest stayed for another ten days. - I’d like to stay here for another few weeks.

14- other than بخــلاف / غيــر

- We should use several sources of energy other than fossil fuels.

rather than أفضــل مــن / بدلا من - You should study your lessons rather than playing with children.

15- find / found / foundيجد - Scientists try hard to find a cure for cancer.

found / founded / founded يؤسس -The High Dam was founded by President Gamal Abd El-Nasser.

16- provide …… with …… يمد بـ ، يزود بـ - My parents provide me with money.

provide ……for …… يوفر -He is kind because he provides money for his poor neighbours .

17- lie - lied - lied يقــع - Egypt lies in north-east Africa.

lie to يكـذب علـى شخص - She lied to us about her job.

lie about يكـذب بخصوص شـئ - He lies about doing his homework.

lie - lay - lain ينـام ـ يرقـد - I lay on my bed for an hour.

lay - laid - laid تضـع البيـض يليهـا مفعـول بدون حـرف جـر - Hens lay eggs.

18- spell –spelled/ Spelt يتهـجـى - Spell your name, please.

spill – spelled / spilt يسكــب - Never cry over spilt milk.

split - split ينشطــر - Nuclear energy is made by splitting atoms.

19- made in صنـع في - This car is made in Korea.

made into = turned into تحول الي - Sand is made into glass.

made of ( صنـع مـن(المادة المصنـوع منها لم تتغير طبيعتها - The bag is made of leather.

made from ( صنـع مـن ( المادة المصنـوع تغيرت طبيعتها - The cake is made from flour.

20- melt يصهر ـ ينصهر ( بالحرارة ) - The heat has melted the snow.

dissolve يذوب ـ يذيب ( فى سائل ) - Dissolve these pills in water.

molten ( glass - lava – rocks – metals ) منصهر في حرارة عالية جدا مثل الصخور والمعادن

- Molten rocks rushed out of the well.

melted ( ice - snow - chocolate) منصهر في حرارة عادية (يذوب) مثل الشيكولاته والثلج مثلا

- The sun melts the snow and ice.

smelt يصهــر/ يستخرج المعدن من الخام - Iron ore is smelted in Helwan factory.

Asking for informationطلب معلومات	Giving information تقديم معلومات
- Excuse me, could I ask you some questions about..?	- Yes, of course.
- Can / Could you tell me .........?	- Yes, that's fine..
- Do you know anything about.......?	- Yes, certainly.
- How do you usually go to school?	- I usually go to school by car.
- What does "…" mean?	- It means.. - You can look it up in the dictionary.
- Do you think the price of oil will increase in the future? Why / Why not?	- Yes, because it will soon be harder to find.
- How can people save energy?	- They can use cars less. - They can switch off lights.
- How can we keep fit?	- We can walk or cycle more.
- How often do you travel by car?	- I travel by car two or three times a week.