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- •2006, Isbn 3-527-30997-7
- •Isbn-13: 978-3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn-10: 3-527-30999-3
- •Volume 1
- •1.1 Introduction 3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •2.2 Outlook 59
- •4.3.1 Introduction 392
- •5.1 Introduction 511
- •4.1 Introduction 109
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction 185
- •6.1 Introduction 561
- •6.2.1 Introduction 563
- •6.4.1 Introduction 579
- •Volume 2
- •7.3.1 Introduction 628
- •7.4.1 Introduction 734
- •7.5.1 Introduction 777
- •7.6.1 Introduction 849
- •7.10.1 Introduction 887
- •8.1 Introduction 933
- •1 Introduction 1071
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and
- •III Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers 1147
- •1 Introduction 1149
- •2.2 Inorganic Components 1219
- •2.3 Extractives 1224
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4680 Lenzing
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4860 Lenzing
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1 Introduction
- •1.2 The History of Papermaking
- •1 Introduction
- •1.2 The History of Papermaking
- •1 Introduction
- •1.3 Technology, End-uses, and the Market Situation
- •1 Introduction
- •1.3 Technology, End-uses, and the Market Situation
- •1 Introduction
- •1.3 Technology, End-uses, and the Market Situation
- •1 Introduction
- •1.5 Outlook
- •150.000 Annual Fiber Flow[kt]
- •1 Introduction
- •1.5 Outlook
- •1 Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Void volume
- •Void volume fraction
- •Xylan and Fiber Morphology
- •Initial bulk residual
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction
- •In (Ai) Model concept Reference
- •Initial value
- •Validation and Application of the Kinetic Model
- •Inititial
- •Volume.
- •Viscosity
- •Influence on Bleachability
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Introduction
- •International
- •Impregnation
- •4.3.4.2.1 Cellulose
- •Influence of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis
- •140 116 Total so2
- •Xylonic
- •Viscosity Brightness
- •Xyl Man Glu Ara Furf hoAc XyLa
- •Initial NaOh charge [% of total charge]:
- •864 (Hemicelluloses), 2004: 254.
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Xylosec
- •Xylan residues
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Initiator Promoter Inhibitor
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Intra-Stage Circulation and Circulation between Stages
- •Implications of Liquor Circulation
- •Vid Chalmers Tekniska
- •Introduction
- •It is a well-known fact that the mechanical properties of the viscose fibers
- •Increase in the low molecular-weight fraction [2]. The short-chain molecules represent
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In the cooking process or, alternatively, white liquor can be used for the cold
- •Is defined as the precipitate formed upon acidification of an aqueous alkaline solution
- •934 8 Pulp Purification
- •8.2 Reactions between Pulp Constituents and Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution 935
- •Is essentially governed by chemical degradation reactions involving endwise depolymerization
- •80 °C [12]. Caustic treatment: 5%consistency ,
- •30 Min reaction time, NaOh concentrations:
- •8.2 Reactions between Pulp Constituents and Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution
- •80 °C is mainly governed by chemical degradation reactions (e.G. Peeling reaction).
- •Investigated using solid-state cp-mas 13c-nmr spectroscopy (Fig. 8.4).
- •Indicates cleavage of the intramolecular hydrogen bond between o-3-h and o-5′,
- •8 Pulp Purification
- •Interaction between alkali and cellulose, a separate retention tower is not really
- •In the following section.
- •3% In the untreated pulp must be ensured in order to avoid a change in the supramolecular
- •8.3 Cold Caustic Extraction
- •Xylan content [%]
- •8 Pulp Purification
- •Is calculated as effective alkali (ea). Assuming total ea losses (including ea consumption
- •Xylan content [%]
- •8.3 Cold Caustic Extraction
- •120 °C (occasionally 140 °c). As mentioned previously, hce is carried out solely
- •Involved in alkaline cooks (kraft, soda), at less severe conditions and thus avoiding
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 953
- •954 8 Pulp Purification
- •120 Kg NaOh odt–1, 90–240 min, 8.4 bar (abs)
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 955
- •956 8 Pulp Purification
- •Into the purification reaction, either in the same (eo) or in a separate stage
- •960 8 Pulp Purification
- •8.4.1.5 Composition of Hot Caustic Extract
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 961
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Xyloisosaccharinic acid
- •Inorganicsa
- •Inorganic compounds
- •Value (nhv), which better reflects the actual energy release, accounts for the fact
- •968 9 Recovery
- •It should be noted that the recycling of bleach (e.G., oxygen delignification) and
- •9.1 Characterization of Black Liquors 969
- •9.1.2.1 Viscosity
- •9.1.2.3 Surface Tension
- •9.1.2.5 Heat Capacity [8,11]
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Is described by the empirical equation:
- •9 Recovery
- •Vent gases from all areas of the pulp mill. From an environmental perspective,
- •9.2.2.1 Introduction
- •In the sump at the bottom of the evaporator. The generated vapor escapes
- •Incineration, whereas sulphite ncg can be re-used for cooking acid preparation.
- •9 Recovery
- •Values related to high dry solids concentrations. The heat transfer rate is pro-
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •9.2.2.3 Multiple-Effect Evaporation
- •7% Over effects 4 and 5, but more than 30% over effect 1 alone.
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Increasing the dry solids concentration brings a number of considerable advantages
- •9.2.2.4 Vapor Recompression
- •Is driven by electrical power. In general, vapor coming from the liquor
- •Vapor of more elevated temperature, thus considerably improving their performance.
- •9 Recovery
- •Is typically around 6 °c. The resulting driving temperature difference
- •Is low, and hence vapor recompression plants require comparatively large heating
- •Vapor recompression systems need steam from another source for start-up.
- •9 Recovery
- •Its temperature is continuously falling to about 180 °c. After the superheaters,
- •In the furnace walls, and only 10–20% in the boiler bank. As water turns into
- •9.2.3.1.2 Material Balance
- •Is required before the boiler ash is mixed. In addition, any chemical make-up
- •In this simplified model, all the potassium from the black liquor (18 kg t–1
- •Values for the chemicals in Eq. (11) can be inserted on a molar basis, equivalent
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Input/output
- •9 Recovery
- •9.2.3.1.3 Energy Balance
- •In the black liquor, from water formed out of hydrogen in organic material, and
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •9.2.3.2 Causticizing and Lime Reburning
- •9.2.3.2.1 Overview
- •9.2.3.2.2 Chemistry
- •986 9 Recovery
- •Insoluble metal salts are kept low. Several types of filters with and without lime
- •Is, however, not considered a loss because some lime mud must be
- •988 9 Recovery
- •In slakers and causticizers needs special attention in order to avoid particle disintegration,
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes 989
- •Ing disks into the center shaft, and flows to the filtrate separator. There, the white
- •9.2.3.2.4 Lime Cycle Processes and Equipment
- •It is either dried with flue gas in a separate, pneumatic lime mud dryer or is fed
- •990 9 Recovery
- •Its temperature falls gradually. Only about one-half of the chemical energy in the
- •9.2.3.3.2 Black Liquor Gasification
- •Inorganics leave the reactor as solids, and into high-temperature techniques,
- •In the bed. Green liquor is produced from surplus bed solids. The product gas
- •992 9 Recovery
- •Incremental capacity for handling black liquor solids. The encountered difficulties
- •10% Of today’s largest recovery boilers. When the process and material issues are
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes 993
- •9.2.3.3.3 In-Situ Causticization
- •Is still in the conceptual phase, and builds on the formation of sodium titanates
- •9.2.3.3.4 Vision Bio-Refinery
- •Into primary and secondary recovery steps. This definition relates to the recovery
- •994 9 Recovery
- •Is largely different between sulfite cooking bases. While magnesium and
- •Introduction
- •In alkaline pulping the operation of the lime kiln represents an emission source.
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Is by the sophisticated management of these sources. This comprises their collection,
- •Ions, potassium, or transition metals) in the process requires the introduction
- •Industry”. Similarly guidelines for a potential kraft pulp mill in Tasmania [3]
- •Initially, the bleaching of chemical pulp was limited to treatment with hypochlorite
- •In a hollander, and effluent from the bleach plant was discharged without
- •In a heh treatment and permitted higher brightness at about 80% iso (using
- •Increasing pulp production resulted in increasing effluent volumes and loads.
- •10.2 A Glimpse of the Historical Development 999
- •It became obvious that the bleaching process was extremely difficult to operate in
- •In a c stage was detected as aox in the effluent (50 kg Cl2 t–1 pulp generated
- •1% Of the active chlorine is converted into halogenated compounds (50 kg active
- •In chlorination effluent [12] led to the relatively rapid development of alternative
- •1000 10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •10.2 A Glimpse of the Historical Development
- •In 1990, only about 5% of the world’s bleached pulp was produced using ecf
- •64 Million tons of pulp [14]. The level of pulp still bleached with chlorine
- •10 000 Tons. These are typically old-fashioned, non-wood mills pending an
- •In developed countries, kraft pulp mills began to use biodegradation plants for
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •Indeed, all processes are undergoing continual development and further improvement.
- •Vary slightly different depending upon the type of combustion unit and the fuel
- •10.3Emissions to the Atmosphere
- •Volatile organic
- •In 2004 for a potential pulp mill in Tasmania using “accepted
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •Is woodyard effluent (rain water), which must be collected and treated biologically
- •10.4 Emissions to the Aquatic Environment
- •Is converted into carbon dioxide, while the other half is converted into biomass
- •Into alcohols and aldehydes; (c) conversion of these intermediates into acetic acid and
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •In North America, effluent color is a parameter which must be monitored.
- •It is not contaminated with other trace elements such as mercury, lead, or cadmium.
- •10.6 Outlook
- •Increase pollution by causing a higher demand for a chemical to achieve identical
- •In addition negatively affect fiber strength, which in turn triggers a higher
- •Introduction
- •2002, Paper-grade pulp accounts for almost 98% of the total wood pulp production
- •Important pulping method until the 1930s) continuously loses ground and finds
- •Importance in newsprint has been declining in recent years with the increasing
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Virtually all paper and paperboard grades in order to improve strength properties.
- •In fact, the word kraft is the Swedish and German word for strength. Unbleached
- •Importance is in the printing and writing grades. In these grades, softwood
- •In this chapter, the main emphasis is placed on a comprehensive discussion of
- •1010 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is particularly sensitive to alkaline cleavage. The decrease in uronic acid content
- •Xylan in the surface layers of kraft pulps as compared to sulfite pulps has been
- •80% Cellulose content the fiber strength greatly diminishes [14]. This may be due
- •Viscoelastic and capable of absorbing more energy under mechanical stress. The
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp 1011
- •Various pulping treatments using black spruce with low fibril
- •In the viscoelastic regions. Fibers of high modulus and elasticity tend to peel their
- •1012 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Viscosity mL g–1 793 635 833 802 1020 868 1123
- •Xylose % od pulp 7.3 6.9 18.4 25.5 4.1 2.7 12.2
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Inorganic Compounds
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Insight into many aspects of pulp origin and properties, including the type of
- •Indicate oxidative damage of carbohydrates).
- •In general, the r-values of paper pulps are typically at higher levels as predicted
- •Is true for sulfite pulps. Even though the r-values of sulfite pulps are generally
- •Is rather unstable in acid sulfite pulping, and this results in a low (hemicellulose)
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Ing process, for example the kraft process, the cellulose:hemicellulose ratio is
- •Increases by up to 100%. In contrast to fiber strength, the sheet strength is highly
- •Identified as the major influencing parameter of sheet strength properties. It has
- •In contrast to dissolving pulp specification, the standard characterization of
- •Is observed for beech kraft pulp, which seems to correlate with the enhanced
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is significantly higher for the sulfite as compared to the kraft pulps, and indicates
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Xylan [24].
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Introduction
- •Various cellulose-derived products such as regenerated fibers or films (e.G.,
- •Viscose, Lyocell), cellulose esters (acetates, propionates, butyrates, nitrates) and
- •In pulping and bleaching operations are required in order to obtain a highquality
- •Important pioneer of cellulose chemistry and technology, by the statement that
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Involves the extensive characterization of the cellulose structure at three different
- •Is an important characteristic of dissolving pulps. Finally, the qualitative and
- •Inorganic compounds
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.3.2.1 Pulp Origin, Pulp Consumers
- •Include the recently evaluated Formacell procedure [7], as well as the prehydrolysis-
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.3.2.2 Chemical Properties
- •11.3.2.2.1 Chemical Composition
- •In the polymer. The available purification processes – particularly the hot and cold
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •In the steeping lye inhibits cellulose degradation during ageing due to the
- •Is governed by a low content of noncellulosic impurities, particularly pentosans,
- •Increase in the xylan content in the respective viscose fibers clearly support the
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Instability. Diacetate color is measured by determining the yellowness coefficient
- •Xylan content [%]
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Xylan content [%]
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is, however, not the only factor determining the optical properties of cellulosic
- •In the case of alkaline derivatization procedures (e.G., viscose, ethers). In industrial
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose
- •Viscose
- •In order to bring out the effect of mwd on the strength properties of viscose
- •Imitating the regular production of rayon fibers. To obtain a representative view
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Viscose Ether (hv) Viscose Acetate Acetate
- •Xylan % 3.6 3.1 1.5 0.9 0.2
- •1.3 Dtex regular viscose fibers in the conditioned
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is more pronounced for sulfite than for phk pulps. Surprisingly, a clear correlation
- •Viscose fibers in the conditioned state related to the carbonyl
- •1038 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •In a comprehensive study, the effect of placing ozonation before (z-p) and after
- •Increased from 22.9 to 38.4 lmol g–1 in the case of a pz-sequence, whereas
- •22.3 To 24.2 lmol g–1. The courses of viscosity and carboxyl group contents were
- •Viscosity measurement additionally induces depolymerization due to strong
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Increasing ozone charges. For more detailed
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is more selective when ozonation represents the final stage according to an
- •11.3.2.3 Supramolecular Structure
- •1042 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is further altered by subsequent bleaching and purification processes. This
- •Involved in intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The softened state favors
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Interestingly, the resistance to mercerization, which refers to the concentration of
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Illustrate that the difference in lye concentration between the two types of dissolving
- •Intensity (see Fig. 11.18: hw-phk high p-factor) clearly changes the supramolecular
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose filterability, thus indicating an improved reactivity.
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Impairs the accessibility of the acetylation agent. When subjecting a low-grade dissolving
- •Identification of the cell wall layers is possible by the preferred orientation of
- •Viscose pulp (low p-factor) (Fig. 11.21b, top). Apparently, the type of pulp – as well
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •150 °C for 2 h, more than 70% of a xylan, which was added to the cooking liquor
- •20% In the case of alkali concentrations up to 50 g l–1 [67]. Xylan redeposition has
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Xylan added linters cooked without xylan linters cooked with xylan
- •Viscosity
- •In the surface layer than in the inner fiber wall. This is in agreement with
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Xylan content in peelings [wt%]
- •Xylan content located in the outermost layers of the beech phk fibers suggests
- •11.3.2.5 Fiber Morphology
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •50 And 90%. Moreover, bleachability of the screened pulps from which the wood
- •11.3.2.6 Pore Structure, Accessibility
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Volume (Vp), wrv and specific pore surface (Op) were seen between acid sulfite
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Irreversible loss of fiber swelling occurs; indeed, Maloney and Paulapuro reported
- •In microcrystalline areas as the main reason for hornification [85]. The effect of
- •105 °C, thermal degradation proceeds in parallel with hornification, as shown in
- •Increased, particularly at temperatures above 105 °c. The increase in carbonyl
- •In pore volume is clearly illustrated in Fig. 11.28.
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscosity
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Increase in the yellowness coefficient, haze, and the amount of undissolved particles.
- •11.3.2.7 Degradation of Dissolving Pulps
- •In mwd. A comprehensive description of all relevant cellulose degradation processes
- •Is reviewed in Ref. [4]. The different modes of cellulose degradation comprise
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •50 °C, is illustrated graphically in Fig. 11.29.
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •In the crystalline regions.
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Important dissolving pulps, derived from hardwood, softwood and cotton linters
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp 1061
- •Xylan rel% ax/ec-pad 2.5 3.5 1.3 1.0 3.2 0.4
- •Viscosity mL g–1 scan-cm 15:99 500 450 820 730 1500 2000
- •1062 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1072 1 Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Inventor of stone groundwood. Right: the second version
- •1074 2 A Short History of Mechanical Pulping
- •In refining, the thinnings (diameter 7–10cm) can also be processed.
- •In mechanical pulping as it causes foam; the situation is especially
- •In mechanical pulping, those fibers that are responsible for strength properties
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In mechanical pulping, the wood should have a high moisture content, and the
- •In the paper and reduced paper quality. The higher the quality of the paper, the
- •1076 3 Raw Materials for Mechanical Pulp
- •1, Transversal resistance; 2, Longitudinal resistance; 3, Tanning limit.
- •3.2 Processing of Wood 1077
- •In the industrial situation in order to avoid problems of pollution and also
- •1078 3 Raw Materials for Mechanical Pulp
- •2, Grinder pit; 3, weir; 4, shower water pipe;
- •5, Wood magazine; 6, finger plate; 7, pulp stone
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4.1.2.1 Softening of the Fibers
- •1080 4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •235 °C, whereas according to Styan and Bramshall [4] the softening temperatures
- •Isolated lignin, the softening takes place at 80–90 °c, and additional water
- •4.1 Grinding Processes 1081
- •1082 4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •1, Cool wood; 2, strongly heated wood layer; 3, actual grinding
- •4.1.2.2 Defibration (Deliberation) of Single Fibers from the Fiber Compound
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Influence of Parameters on the Properties of Groundwood
- •In the mechanical defibration of wood by grinding, several process parameters
- •Improved by increasing both parameters – grinding pressure and pulp stone
- •In practice, the temperature of the pit pulp is used to control the grinding process,
- •In Fig. 4.8, while the grit material of the pulp stone estimates the microstructure
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.1 Grinding Processes
- •Is of major importance for process control in grinding.
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.1.4.2 Chain Grinders
- •Is fed continuously, as shown in Fig. 4.17.
- •Initial thickness of the
- •75 Mm thickness, is much thinner than that of a concrete pulp stone, much
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Include:
- •Increases; from the vapor–pressure relationship, the boiling temperature is seen
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •In the pgw proves, and to prevent the colder seal waters from bleeding onto the
- •4.1 Grinding Processes
- •In pressure grinding, the grinder shower water temperature and flow are
- •70 °C, a hot loop is no longer used, and the grinding process is
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Very briefly at a high temperature and then refined at high
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Intensity caused by plate design and rotational speed.
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •1. Reduction of the chips sizes to units of matches.
- •2. Reduction of those “matches” to fibers.
- •3. Fibrillation of the deliberated fibers and fiber bundles.
- •1970S as result of the improved tmp technology. Because the key subprocess in
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Impregnation Preheating Cooking Yield
- •30%. Because of their anatomic structure, hardwoods are able to absorb more
- •Is at least 2 mWh t–1 o.D. Pulp for strongly fibrillated tmp and ctmp pulps from
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •1500 R.P.M. (50 Hz) or 1800 r.P.M. (60 Hz); designed pressure 1.4 mPa
- •1500 R.P.M. (50 Hz) or 1800 r.P.M. (60 Hz); designed pressure 1.4 mPa;
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •In hardwoods makes them more favorable than softwoods for this purpose. A
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1114 5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.2Machines and Aggregates for Screening and Cleaning 1115
- •In refiner mechanical pulping, there is virtually no such coarse material in the
- •1116 5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.2Machines and Aggregates for Screening and Cleaning
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.3 Reject Treatment and Heat Recovery
- •55% Iso and 65% iso. The intensity of the bark removal, the wood species,
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1124 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Initially, the zinc hydroxide is filtered off and reprocessed to zinc dust. Then,
- •2000 Kg of technical-grade product is common. Typically, a small amount of a chelant
- •6.1 Bleaching with Dithionite 1125
- •Vary, but are normally ca. 10 kg t–1 or 1% on fiber. As the number of available
- •1126 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •70 °C, 2 h, amount of NaOh adjusted.
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •Is shown in Fig. 6.5, where silicate addition leads to a higher brightness and a
- •Volume (bulk). For most paper-grade applications, fiber volume should be low in
- •Valid and stiff fibers with a high volume are an advantage; however, this requires
- •1130 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •Very high brightness can be achieved with two-stage peroxide bleaching, although
- •In a first step. This excess must be activated with an addition of caustic soda. The
- •Volume of liquid to be recycled depends on the dilution and dewatering conditions
- •6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Is an essential requirement for bleaching effectiveness. Modern twin-wire presses
- •Is discharged to the effluent treatment plant. After the main bleaching stage, the
- •6.3 Technology of Mechanical Pulp Bleaching
- •1136 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •7.3 Shows the fractional composition according to the McNett principle versus
- •1138 7 Latency and Properties of Mechanical Pulp
- •7.2 Properties of Mechanical Pulp 1139
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In Fig. 1.2, the development of recovered paper utilization and paper production
- •Is split into the usa, the cepi countries, and Germany. It is clear that since 1990,
- •5.8% For Germany and worldwide, and 5.9% for the cepi countries.
- •1150 1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Industry, environmentalists, governmental authorities, and often even the marketplace.
- •It is accepted that recycling preserves forest resources and energy used for
- •1 Introduction
- •Incineration. The final waste (ashes) can either be discarded or used as raw
- •Virgin fibers
- •74.4 % Mixed grades
- •Indonesia
- •Virgin fibers
- •Inhomogeneous sample Homogeneous sample
- •Variance of sampling Variance of measurement
- •1.Quartile
- •3.Quartile
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Integral
- •In Newtonion liquid
- •Velocity
- •Increasing dp
- •2Α filter
- •0 Reaction time
- •Increasing interaction of probe and cellulose
- •Increasing hydrodynamic size
- •Vessel cell of beech
- •Initial elastic range
- •Internal flow
- •Intact structure
- •Viscosity 457
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1292 Index
- •Visbatch® pulp 354
- •Index 1293
- •1294 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Viscosity–extinction 433
- •Index 1295
- •1296 Index
- •Index 1297
- •Inhibitor 789
- •1298 Index
- •Index 1299
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •1300 Index
- •Industries
- •Index 1301
- •1302 Index
- •Index 1303
- •Xylose 463
- •1304 Index
- •Index 1305
- •1306 Index
- •Index 1307
- •1308 Index
- •In conventional kraft cooking 232
- •Visbatch® pulp 358
- •Index 1309
- •In prehydrolysis-kraft process 351
- •Visbatch® cook 349–350
- •1310 Index
- •Index 1311
- •1312 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1313
- •Viscosity 459
- •Interactions 327
- •1314 Index
- •Index 1315
- •Viscosity 459
- •1316 Index
- •Index 1317
- •Xylose 461
- •Index 1319
- •Visbatch® pulp 355
- •Impregnation 151–158
- •1320 Index
- •Index 1321
- •1322 Index
- •Xylan water prehydrolysis 333
- •Index 1323
- •1324 Index
- •Viscosity 459
- •Index 1325
- •Xylose 940
- •1326 Index
- •Index 1327
- •In selected kinetics model 228–229
- •4OMeGlcA 940
- •1328 Index
- •Index 1329
- •Intermediate molecule 164–165
- •1330 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1331
- •1332 Index
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •Index 1333
- •1334 Index
- •Index 1335
- •1336 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Index 1337
- •1338 Index
- •Viscose process 7
- •Index 1339
- •Volumetric reject ratio 590
- •1340 Index
- •Index 1341
- •1342 Index
- •Index 1343
- •1344 Index
- •Index 1345
- •Initiator 788
- •Xylose 463
- •1346 Index
- •Index 1347
- •Vessel 385
- •Index 1349
- •1350 Index
- •Xylan 834
- •1352 Index
Inhibitor 789
c
13C-CP/MAS-NMR, degree of crystallinity
1042
Cadoxen, cellulose molecular weight
determination 1240
calcium hydrogen sulfite, diffusion coefficient
at 20 °C 404
camphor 37
Canadian Standard Freeness
– freeness determination 1282
– values 1283
caoutchouc 38
1298 Index
capacity
– pressure screen 575
– pressure washer 533–536
– rotary drum pressure washer 529
capillary electrophoresis see CE
carbazole-9-carboxylic acid [2-(2-aminooxyethoxy)-
ethoxy]-amide see CCOA
carbohydrate composition 938
– effect of modified kraft cooking 251–256
– jack pine sulfite and kraft pulp 470
– spruce 251
carbohydrate degradation 832
– kinetics 215–216
carbohydrate-derived chromophores 181
carbohydrate-derived components, as function
of H-factor 447
carbohydrate oxidation, charge transfer
complexes 321
carbohydrate reactions
– acid hydrolysis 416–425
– dioxygen-alkali delignification processes
657–666
carbohydrate residues, structures 668
carbohydrate yield
– effect of polysulfide added to impregnation
liquor 292
– in relation to lignin content in alkaline
pulping 186
– increase by polysulfide pretreatment 311
carbohydrates
– alkali-soluble 1230
– commercial paper-grade pulp 1013
– composition of pulp in conventional batch
and CLF (continuous liqour flow) cook
255
– concentration development in beechwood
prehydrolysis 336, 338
– degradation 794
– degradation in kraft cooking kinetics
models 193–198
– dehydration to aromatic structures
419–421
– dissolution in CBC process 284
– glycosidic bond cleavage 830
– hydrogen abstraction 795
– hydrogen peroxide reactions 859–860
– kraft pulping reactions 174–181
– low molecular weight 933
– molecular weight decrease 825
– oxidative cleavage 663
– pulping yields 110
– removal 951
– sulfur-containing 421–425
4-carbomethoxymethyl-4-methylbutenolide, chlorine
bleaching 746
carbon dioxide, polysaccharide chain
cleavage 662
carbon-hydrogen bonds, ozone insertion 791
carbonate ion, molar concentration in white
liquor 115
carbonium-oxonium ion
– electron density distribution 417
– LUMO-distribution 417
carbonyl
– dissolving pulp characterization 1062
– functional groups 1037–1041
a-carbonyl, structure and relative oxygen
susceptibility 640
carbonyl formation, ozonation effect 840
carbonyl functions 1234–1238
carbonyl groups 1039–1040
– commercial paper-grade pulp 1014
– profile 1017
– reduction by sodium borohydride 1236
a-carbonyl groups, photodegradation 655
carboxy-furanosides, polysaccharide chain
cleavage 662
carboxyl
– dissolving pulp characterization 1062
– functional groups 1037–1041
carboxyl functions 1238–1239
carboxyl groups
– commercial paper-grade pulp 1014
– formation, ozonation effect 840
carboxylic acid 714
carboxylic acid groups
– content as function of xylan 441
– content in lignin samples 636
carboxylic groups
– determination 1239
– enrichment during kraft cooking 261
C-carboxy-b-d-pentafuranoside, polysaccharide
chain cleavage 662
Carman–Kozeny relationship 513
Caro’s acid 880
carry-over 716–719
– dissolved matter 890
– effect 816–818
cascade feed-forward arrangement, two-stage
screening 598
cascade feedback arrangement
– four-stage cleaning 597
– three-stage screening 596
– two-stage fractionation system 600
catalyzed peroxide bleaching 877
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