1320 Index

– extractives fractions 182–183

– fiber bundle 60

– lignin mass balance of Eucalyptus globulus

162

– liquors 113–121

– modified see modified kraft cooking

– PHK see PHK process

– pine see pine

– prehydrolysis see PHK process

– pretreatment 129–130

– process chemistry 229–325

– Purdue model 198–199

kraft cooking kinetics

– alkali and hydrogen sulfide consumption

220–221

– concentration of cooking chemicals

217–220

– delignification kinetics 211–215

– numerical solution of cooking chemical

concentration equations 228–229

– parameters 221–227

– structure 211–229

– validation and application 223–227

kraft cooking kinetics models

– carbohydrate degradation 193–198

– delignification 189–198

– H-factor concept 189–191

– kraft cooking kinetics 199–211

– pseudo first-principle 198–199

– pulping selectivity 197–198

– review 188–211

kraft cooking mass transfer, diffusion 123,

137–150

– impregnation 122–123

– penetration 122, 129, 132–137

kraft cooking pretreatment

– digester evacuation 129

– steaming 129–132

kraft process 12, 17

– development 6

– dissolving pulp 1024

– prehydrolysis- 345–365

– uniform pulping reactions 1047

– see also kraft pulping

kraft pulp 1010

– beating resistance 1011

– carbohydrate composition 470

– conventional see conventional kraft pulp

– emission levels 1005

– global fiber production 9

– hardwoods 723

– R-values 1015

– sheets 800

– softwoods see softwood kraft pulp

kraft pulping

– black liquor 111–112

– carbohydrates reactions 174–181

– chemistry 163–185

– chromophore reactions 172

– extractives 181–183

– formaldehyde 169

– glucomannan 180

– green liquor 112

– kinetics 185–229

– levopimaric acid 183

– liquor composition 476

– low-lignin pulp production 323

– multistage 325–365

– nucleophiles addition 167

– processes 111–391

– reactions overview 183–184

– selectivity plot see selectivity plot

– tall oil soap 112

– technology and equipment 366–391

– toxic compounds 112

– transition metals 859

– white liquor 111

– xylan 179

– see also kraft process, see also lignin

kraft recovery boiler 980–985

– emission limits 1003

– schematic 981

– see also kraft chemical recovery

kraft residual lignin, linkage frequencies 638

Kramfors process 465

Kubelka-Munk theory 610, 1279

Kvaerner compact press 557

Kvaerner double atmospheric diffuser 553

Kvaerner Dual mixer 620

Kvaerner Duflo impeller 618

Kvaerner Duflo pump 617

Kvaerner Jetmixer 621

Kvaerner pressure diffuser 555

Kvaerner’s Compact Feed system 381–382

l

laboratory methods, material testing 1217

laboratory sheets, optical properties

1279–1280

laccase mediator-system, alternative bleaching

methods 886

lactic acid

– black liquor composition 968

– polysaccharide chain cleavage 662

laminar flow, Hagen–Poiseuille’s law

132–133

Index 1321

Langmuir isotherm 519

Laplace see Young–Laplace equation

Larix decidua, hemicelluloses, nonglucosic

units 29

Larix sibirica, chemical composition of wood

23

latency, mechanical pulp 1137–1143

latewood, bordered pits 47

latewood tracheids, Picea abies 62

lattice conversion, wood dissolving pulp

1044

lattice transition

– alkali concentration 1043

– cellulose I 941, 1045

layers

– cell wall 42

– model calculation 694

LCC see lignin–carbohydrate-complexes, see

also lower cook circulation

leaf fibers, cell dimensions and chemical

composition 4

legislation, recycled fibers 1191–1210

level-off DP 1011

– crystallite length 1264

levopimaric acid, conversion to abietic acid

during kraft process 183

levulinic acid 419

lifetime, hydrogen peroxide 855

light absorption coefficient

– as function of residual effective alkali 269

– kappa number 715

– residual softwood lignin 266

– unbleached pine 269

light-scattering coefficient 1142

– pulp 1140–1141

lignans

– hardwoods 38

– softwoods 37

lignification of the cell walls 44–46

lignin 30–31, 33, 713–716, 749, 856–858,

1033

– addition of nucleophiles 167

– alternative bleaching methods 886

– angiosperms 30

– arabinoxylan 481

– bark 33

– birch 33

– bleaching 886, 1126

– bromination 316

– carbohydrate degradation 795

– a-carbonyl group-containing 655

– cell wall components 41

– charge transfer complexes 321

– chemical structure 858

– chromophore formation 172

– cold caustic extraction 950

– commercial 717–718

– composition after cooking and bleaching

634–640

– concentration see delignification, kappa

number

– condensation 167–168, 420

– content 1230

– conventional kraft pulp 262

– 1,3-cycloaddition 790

– defiberization 1123

– degradation 213, 790–794

– demethylation reaction 169

– diarylmethane-type structures 169

– diffusion rate 149

– digester 298

– 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition 791

– dissolution in CBC process 284

– dissolved 207, 246, 284, 298

– Douglas fir 213

– electro-/nucleophilic attack sites 648

– electron-transfer reactions 170

– elimination kraft pulping reactions

169–170

– “false” 257

– fraction 173, 724, 950

– frequencies in kraft residual lignin 638

– functional group content 635

– fungi 886

– guaiacylpropane unit 165

– gymnosperms 30

– hardwoods 22, 33

– hydrogen peroxide 853

– hydrolysis 407–414

– hydroperoxide formation 856

– p-hydroxyphenyl groups 714

– p-hydroxyphenyl-propane unit 165

– kappa number reduction 960

– kraft pulping reactions 163–174, 323

– light absorption coefficient 266

– linkage frequencies 638

– mass balance during impregnation and

kraft cooking of Eucalyptus globulus 162

– milled wood 262

– modification with peracetic acid 880

– modified kraft cooking 31, 244–248,

257–264

– molecular structure 32

– nucleophilic attack 856

– nucleophilic attack sites 648

– oxidation 874