VI. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в правильную видовременную форму (Past Indefinite or Present Perfect). Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. I (have) my notebook since my parents (give) it to me.

2. Yesterday I (work) on my computer for four hours, but I (not print) the material yet.

3. I (live) in London for seven years and now I miss it a lot.

4. Dickens (begin) to write when he (be) very young.

5. The rain (stop) and the sun is shining in the sky now.

6. You ever (spend) your holidays in the Crimea?

7. The lecture (not/begin) yet and the students are talking in the classroom.

VII. Переведите предложения, выделяя оборот “дополнение с инфинитивом”

1. They want the workers to dismantle the installation.

2. He permitted the treasure to be returned to the people.

3. This analysis permitted them to tackle the problem directly.

4. The information enabled the scientist to make a forecast for the next few years.

5. We believe it to be the best way out of this situation.

6. Parents usually expect their children to be obedient.

7. The scientists expect this effect to be relatively small.

VIII. A. Прочитайте и переведите заголовок текста. Ответьте на вопрос

What are the typical softwood species?

B. Прочитайте текст

WOODWORKING WITH SOFTWOOD LUMBER

The term “softwood” actually refers to a group of different species of trees from which the wood is harvested. A general rule of thumb is that softwoods come from coniferous, or “evergreen” trees, where hardwoods typically come from deciduous, or leafy trees. This can be a bit deceiving, as the softest wood available, balsa wood, would be considered soft and extremely lightweight, but is technically a hardwood.

Softwood (conifer) forests are found primarily in the northern hemisphere. The greatest concentration in North America is found in the northwestern United States and Canada, although there is also a concentration found in the southeastern US. Conifers are fast-growing, can be easily cultivated, and produce relatively straight trunks, which makes harvesting and processing much less expensive. Conifers are also used in the manufacture of fiberboard and paper.

In most home centers, you’ll find two predominant types of softwood lumber: SPF, and (yellow) pine. SPF is an acronym that stands for spruce, (white) pine and (Douglas) fir. Lumber marked as SPF could be any Softwood these three species. It is quite light in colour and growth rings are typically rather widely spaced.

No matter which types of softwoods you choose to use in your projects, keep in mind that most softwoods are developed for construction uses, and not necessarily for building furniture. Keep in mind that softwoods need to become acclimated to the environment in which the finished project will reside before beginning woodworking to avoid excessive movement after the project is completed.

Woodworking with softwood lumber can be a fine choice when building utilitarian projects (cabinets for the woodshop, painted projects, dog houses, etc.), but should probably be avoided when you intend to use stain for the finish or want to use the completed piece to be employed inside the house.

C. Проверьте, как вы поняли текст, сопоставив правую и левую колонки таблицы

Conifers	refers to a group of different species of trees from which the wood is harvested.
The term “softwood”	stands for spruce, (white) pine and (Douglas) fir.
Softwood forests	is a type of softwood lumber.
SPF	produce relatively straight trunks.
Yellow pine	are found primarily in the northern hemisphere.

D. Выберите предложения, смысл которых противоречит содержанию текста

1. Softwoods come from coniferous or evergreen trees only.

2. SPF makes up a great majority of hardwoods.

3. Coniferous can be easily processed because they produce

relatively straight trunks.

4. Softwoods are often used for building furniture.

5. Softwood lumber should be avoided when building

utilitarian projects.