5. Translate the following words with the help of a dictionary:

accurate, artist, Dutch, intelligent, novel, prospect, cabinet, film director, mark, delicate, pretend, actual, industriuos, to sympathize

6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the italicised words:

1. Look at the figure on page 6. 2. His wife is a delicate woman with pale complexion. 3. An old gipsy was telling a fortune by the lines of a palm. 4. In drug-stores all drugs are kept in cabinets. 5. Complex operations are performed at specially equipped operation theatres. 6. The patient did not show the sign of sensation. 7. A scientist spent days and nights speculating on a strange phenomenon. 8. His writing is minute.

Grammar exercises

1. Find in the text sentences containing the Gerund. Translate them into Ukrainian.

2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of Gerund after prepositions:

1. I am sorry for being late. 2. On opening the letter, she realized it wasn’t for her. 3. I am interested in getting that job. 4. My little brother insisted on coming with me. 5. Don’t forget to lock the door before going to bed. 6. We learn a lot by reading. 7. She rushed out of the room without giving me a chance to explain. 8. After spending

a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn’t really enjoy living in the country. 9. I had some particular reasons for disliking the man. 10. He ruined his health by drinking. 11. After pausing a little he entered the room. 12. She is very good at listening to people. 13. They succeeded in getting the new contract.

Speech exercises

1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:

1. What types of pests can plague gardens?

2. Why are weeds undesirable?

3. In what way do insects damage plants?

4. What preventive methods are used to keep insects in check?

5. What are plants’ diseases caused by?

6. What is the best approach to disease prevention?

2. Summarize the text first in your own language, then – in English.

HARVESTING AND PRUNING

Gardeners harvest plants at different stages, depending on how the harvested plants or plant parts are used. Crops grown for their fruit, such as tomatoes and eggplant, are harvested when the fruit is ripe. Some plants are harvested before they flower—lettuce and spinach, for example, are grown for their tender leaves and develop a bitter flavor if allowed to flower. Plants grown for their roots, such as carrots and radishes, are harvested when the root is large enough, but before it gets tough or woody and loses its sweetness. In flower gardens, the sign of maturity is the formation of seeds. Many plants stop flowering once they set seed, so to make plants produce flowers longer(1), gardeners can remove the faded flowers before they produce seed, a technique called deadheading.

Gardeners may attempt to control the shape of woody plants, such as trees and shrubs, by removing, or pruning, branches growing in the wrong direction. They also prune to remove damaged, disease, or dead branches. Some shrubs, such as lilacs, bear the most flowers in young wood, so gardeners remove the oldest branches. Gardeners prune plants at different times of the year, depending on how they hope to affect the plant’s growth.

Notes

1. to make plants produce flowers longer – щоб примусити рослини цвісти довше

Vocabulary

prune – обрізати

spinach – шпинат

tender – ніжний

tough – жорсткий, твердий

shrub – кущ

Vocabulary exercises

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

harvest, tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, flavor, carrots, radishes, tough, technique, deadheading, branch

2. Find the stem in the following words; point out prefixes and suffixes. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

different, sweetness, maturity, formation, remove, woody, direction, growth

3. The following words have at least two meanings. What meanings can you think of?

harvest, plant, crop, fruit, woody, flower, bear

4. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations:

стиглі плоди, ніжне листя, гіркий смак, досить великі корнеплоди, жорсткі або одерев’янілі корнеплоди, квітковий сад, зів’ялі квіти, деревинні рослини, ушкоджені (хворі, мертві) гілки, молода деревина, найстаріші гілки

5. Point out a wrong word or a group of words in the following sentences:

1. Crops grown for their fruit are cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, eggplants and other.

2. Carrot, potato, radish and lettuce are grown for their roots.

3. Spinach, pepper, lettuce and parsley are harvested before they flower.

4. Pruning is removing faded flowers.

5. Gardeners prune plants in early spring only.

Grammar exercises

1. Find the examples of a) Participles, b) Gerund, c) Passive Voice, d) Modal Verbs in the text. Translate them into Ukrainian.

2. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the Infinitive of Purpose:

A) 1. I came here to tell you the good news. 2. Roger stopped to have a cup of tea. 3. To prevent complications after the flu one must keep to bed from the onset of the disease. 4. They got up very early so as to get to the top of the hill before sunrise. 5. I took off my shoes so as not to make any noise. 6. He was playing very softly in order not to disturb anyone. 7. I am learning Greek in order to read Homer. 8. To make this salad we need three eggs. 9. Willy accepted his father’s suggestion so as not to hurt him.

Speech exercises