Vocabulary

substance – речовина

recognized – визнаний

to be distributed – поширюватится

baneberry – віха отруйна

hellebore – чемериця

range – зона, сфера, область поширення

bittersweet – солодко-гіркий паслін

celandine – чистотіл

lily of the valley - конвалія

mistletoe – омела

principle – складова частина, елемент

scattered – розсипані, розкидані, розсіяні

hemlock – болиголов

daphne – бирючина

foliage – листя

cherry - вишня

vary – змінюватися

nettle – кропива

ivy – плющ

digestive tract – травний тракт

euphorbia – молочай

nightshade - беладона

abdominal – черевний

vomiting – блювання

rhubarb – ревінь

rupture – проривати

tubule – трубочка

digitalis – наперстянка

jimsonweed – дурман звичайний

yew – тисове дерево

bracken - папороть

marrow – кістковий мозок

Saint John’s wort – звіробій

lesion – ураження, пошкодження

eradicate – виривати з корнем

Exercises

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What plants are considered poisonous?

2. How are dangerous plants distributed?

3. What poisonous compounds may plants contain?

4. Are poisonous compounds distributed throughout all parts of the plant or do they accumulate in one part more than any other?

5. Does toxicity change with the age of the plant?

6. In what case does poisoning occur?

7. What amount of poisonous portion of the plant is enough to cause severe poisoning?

8. How can poisonous plants affect internal organs?

9. How do poisons act within the cells of the body?

10. Are there any poisonous plants among houseplants?

Diseases of plants

Introduction

Diseases of plants, deviations from the normal growth and development of plants incited by microorganisms, parasitic flowering plants, nematodes, viruses, or adverse environmental conditions. In the United States alone, known plant diseases attributable to these causes are estimated to number more than 25,000; the estimated annual losses therefrom add up to several billion dollars. Injuries to plant life due primarily to insects, mites, or animals other than nematodes are not regarded as plant diseases.

BACTERIA-INDUCED DISEASES

Bacterial diseases are marked by various symptoms, including soft rot, leaf spot, wilt of leaves and stems, canker, leaf and twig blight, and gall formation. Fire blight, a disease of apple and pear trees, is historically interesting because it was the first plant disease in which a bacterium was shown to be the inciting agent. Infected trees exhibit a blackening of the flowers, leaves, and twigs, and the disease finally may involve the entire tree, causing serious damage and even death. Citrus canker, an Asian disease of the orange tree and its relatives, is characterized by corky growths on the fruit, leaves, and twigs. Common scab of potato, bacterial canker of tomato, angular leaf spot of cotton, and black rot of crucifers are a few of the bacterial plant diseases prevalent in the U.S. Crown gall, or plant cancer, which occurs in a wide range of woody plants and some herbaceous groups, is a striking example of bacteria-induced disease.