I. Imagine that you are a landscape architect. Make a list of factors you need to take into consideration to carry out a project.

II. Your client wants you to design a small garden (a large central park, a small park for kids, a garden in front of a Japanese restaurant). Now write a plan of what you will do. Describe your design to the class.

ANCIENT WORLD

As early as the 3rd millennium bc(1), the Egyptians planted gardens within the walled enclosures surrounding their homes. In time these gardens came to be formally laid out(2) around a rectangular fish pond flanked by orderly rows of fruit trees and ornamental plants, as seen in tomb paintings.

In Mesopotamia, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They included full-size trees planted on earth-covered terraces raised on stone vaults in a corner of the palace complex of Nebuchadnezzar II. In the highlands to the north, the Assyrians and Persians developed great tree-filled parks for hunting on horseback. They also planned rectangular walled formal gardens, irrigated by pools and canals and shaded by trees, usually set in vast barren plains. These gardens symbolized paradise and inspired Persian carpet designs.

In ancient Greece, sacred groves were preserved as the habitats of divinities. Greek houses included a walled court or garden usually surrounded by a colonnade. In 5th-century bc Athens public gardens and colonnaded walks attached to the Academy (“school”) and the Lyceum (“gymnasium”) were much frequented by philosophers and their disciples.

Roman houses, similar to Greek houses, included a colonnaded garden, as depicted in wall paintings at Pompeii and as described by Pliny the Elder. Villas on the hilly terrain near Rome were designed with terraced gardens. Rich Romans laid out lavish pleasure grounds including porticoes, banqueting halls, and sculpture. The vast grounds of the Emperor Hadrian's villa near Tivoli (2nd century ad) were magnificently landscaped. The Roman populace enjoyed gardens attached to the public baths.

Notes

1. As early as the 3^rd millennium BC – ще в третьому тисячолітті до нашої ери

2. In time these gardens came to be formally laid out – З часом ці сади почали розташовувати правильно

Vocabulary

millennium – тисячоліття

irrigate – зрошувати

barren – безплідний

grove – гай

habitat – батьківщина, місце перебування

divinity – божество

frequent – часто відвідувати; частий, звичайний

disciple – учень

lavish – щедрий, багатий; марнотратний, надмірний

portico – портик

Vocabulary exercises

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

millennium, Egyptians, enclosure, rectangular, tomb, Mesopotamia, Babylon, Assyrians, Persians, ancient, colonnade, Athens, Academy, Lyceum, disciples, terraced, banqueting, Emperor, populace

2. Find the stem in the following words; point out suffixes. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

Egyptians, enclosure, formally, orderly, ornamental, magnificently

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations from the text:

walled enclosures, a rectangular fish pond, orderly rows of fruit trees, ornamental plants, tomb paintings, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Seven Wonders of the World, full-size trees, earth-covered terraces, great tree-filled parks, rectangular walled formal gardens, vast barren plains, Persian carpet designs, ancient Greece, sacred groves, a walled court, Athens public gardens, colonnated walks, a hilly terrain, terraced gardens, lavish pleasure grounds, the Roman populace, public baths